Umhlahlandlela Wolwazi Lokulima Ujinja (Okuphilayo).
Isihloko esilandelayo sikhuluma “ngokulima kukaGinger” noma “Indlela Yokulima Ujinja”.
Isingeniso:
Ujinja yisilimo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuhweba esilinyelwa ama-rhizomes awo anephunga elimnandi asetshenziswa kokubili njenge-a spice kanye nomuthi. I-Ginger yezohwebo yi-rhizome eyomisiwe. Imakethwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene njengeluhlaza ginger, ijinja eyomile, ijinja eyomile exutshiwe, impushana yejinja, amafutha ejinja, i-ginger oleoresin, i-ginger ale, uswidi we-ginger, ubhiya we-ginger, i-ginger egayiwe, iwayini lejinja, ujinja squash, ama-ginger flakes, njll. Ujinja yi-rhizome ye-Zingiber officinale Rosc., i-herbaceous perennial ehlala e-Zingiberaceae, futhi kukholakala ukuthi idabuka eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Isakazwa ngama-rhizomes. Ama-rhizomes aqhakaza aqondile, iziqu ezinamahlamvu, ukuphakama okungama-30-90 cm. Isisekelo samaqabunga sishelela isiqu. Amaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani, ama-15-20 cm ubude, aminyene, a-lanceolate futhi ane-midrib evelele. Izimbali zincane, ziphuzi, zinamabala, ngayinye inodebe olumachashaza olubukhwebezane futhi ithwelwe ngesipikili. Lapho izitshalo sezinezinyanga eziyisi-9 ubudala, amaqabunga aluhlaza aphenduka aphuzi. I-Ginger ekhiqizwa eNdiya iya ukusetshenziswa ekhaya futhi inani elincane kuphela elithunyelwa ngaphandle.https://imasdk.googleapis.com/js/core/bridge3.510.1_ru.html#goog_268876080https://imasdk.googleapis.com/js/core/bridge3.510.1_ru.html#goog_268876082https://imasdk.googleapis.com/js/core/bridge3.510.1_ru.html#goog_268876084
Funda: Umbiko Wephrojekthi Yokulima Ujinja.
Isidingo se-agro-climate ukuze kukhule uGinger:
Ujinja ukhula endaweni efudumele futhi enomswakama. Itshalwa kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo ukusuka olwandle ukuya endaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kwe-1500 MSL futhi ingatshalwa ngaphansi kwezimo zemvula neziniselwa. Ukuze kutshalwe ngempumelelo, i-ginger idinga imvula ephakathi nendawo ukuhlwanyela isikhathi kuze kube yilapho ama-rhizomes ahluma, izihlambi ezisindayo futhi ezisakazwa kahle ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye nesimo sezulu esomile cishe inyanga ngaphambili. ukuvuna.
Izidingo zomhlabathi zokutshala i-Ginger:
Ujinja uchuma kahle kakhulu enhlabathini ekhanyiswe kahle njengesihlabathi noma ubumba luma, inhlaka ebomvu noma i-lateititic loam. I-loam ethambile ecebile nge-humus ifanelekile. Kodwa-ke, njengesitshalo esiphelele kungase kungafiseleki ukutshala i-ginger endaweni efanayo unyaka nonyaka. Ikhula kahle ngaphansi komthunzi oyingxenye, nakuba itshalwa futhi ngezinga elikhulu ezindaweni ezivulekile.
I-Inter-Crop in Organic Ginger Production:
I-ginger ingatshalwa ngokwendalo njengesitshalo esihlanganayo noma esixutshwe uma nje kukho konke okunye izitshalo bakhule belandela eziphilayo izindlela. Kungase kuhlanganiswe nezitshalo ezinikeza umthunzi, isb ibhanana, ijuba-pea, isihlahla i-beaver kanye nobhontshisi weqoqo (guar). Ujinja utshalwa njengesitshalo esixutshwe, ku ukhukhunathi, omncane ikhofi futhi iwolintshi amasimu ogwini olusentshonalanga. Ezindaweni eziphakeme e-Himachal Pradesh, i-ginger ihlanganiswa nayo utamatisi futhi upelepele.
Indawo ye-Buffer in Production Ginger:
Ukuze uhlakulele i-ginger ngokwemvelo, indawo ye-buffer yamamitha angu-25 kuya kwangu-50 kufanele ishiywe nxazonke zepulazi elivamile, kuye ngokuthi ipulazi likuyiphi indawo. Imikhiqizo evela kuleli bhande lendawo ye-buffer akufanele ithathwe njenge-organic. Njengoba isitshalo sonyaka, isikhathi sokuguqulwa esidingekayo sizoba iminyaka emibili.
Ukulungiswa komhlaba we-Organic Ginger Plantation:
Ngenkathi kulungiswa insimu, kungase kusetshenziswe imisebenzi yokulima okungenani. Imibhede enobude obuyi-15 cm, ububanzi obuyi-1 m nobude obuvumelanayo ingase ilungiselelwe ukunikeza okungenani isikhala esingu-50 cm phakathi kwemibhede. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibhede kunenzuzo ekuhloleni ukuphindaphindeka kwezinambuzane kanye nezinto ezidala izifo. I-Solarisation iyindlela lapho imibhede emanzi ensimini, imbozwa ngokuphelele ngamashidi e-polythene futhi ibekwe elangeni isikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingama-20-30. Amashidi e-polythene asetshenziselwa ukuqothula umhlabathi kufanele agcinwe endaweni ephephile ngemva kokuqedwa komsebenzi
Izinto zokutshala i-ginger:
Ama-rhizomes embewu agcinwe ngokucophelela angenazo izinambuzane nezifo eziqoqwe emapulazini alinywe ngendlela ephilayo angasetshenziswa ukutshala. Kodwa-ke, okokuqala, imbewu evela ezinhlobonhlobo zasendaweni ezithela kakhulu ingasetshenziswa uma zingekho izinto ezikhiqizwa ngokwemvelo. Ama-rhizome embewu akufanele aphathwe nganoma yimaphi amakhemikhali.
Izinhlobo ze-Ginger:
Izinhlobo eziningana zitshalwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zaseNdiya. I-China kanye ne-Rio-De-Janeiro yizinhlobo ezimbili zejinja ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Ezinye izinhlobo ezibalulekile ezitshaliwe iMaran, Assam, Himachal, Kuruppampadi, Wynad Local, Suprabha, Suruchi, Suravi, Himgiri, Varada, Mahima, Rajasthan njll Izinhlobo ezingcono kakhulu ezifanele imikhiqizo ehlukene yilezi;
Izinhlobonhlobo zeGinger eNdiya | |
Ijinja ephezulu eyomile | UMaran, uNadia, noKarakkal |
I-oleoresin ephezulu | U-Ernad Chernad, eChina, naseRio-De-Janeiro |
Amafutha aguquguqukayo aphezulu | I-Sleeva Local, i-Narasapattam, ne-Himachal |
Ijinja eluhlaza | I-Rio-De-Janeiro, i-China, i-Wynad Local, i-Maran, ne-Varadha |
Ukutshala, ukuhlukaniswa kweGinger:
Ekulimeni kweGinger, ngesikhathi sokutshala, sebenzisa amagremu angama-25 wempuphu ineem(Azadirachta indica) ikhekhe bese uxuba kahle nomhlabathi emgodini ngamunye. Ijinja itshalwe emigqeni, iqhelelene ngamasentimitha angama-25 ebangeni elingama-20-25 cm phakathi komugqa. Esimeni sesitshalo esiniselwayo, ama-ridge enziwa aqhelelene ngamasentimitha angama-40-45 futhi ukutshalwa kweGinger kwenziwa emigodini engashoni phezulu kwemisele ebangeni elingama-24-30 cm. Izingcezu zembewu-rhizomes ezinesisindo esingu-20-30 g ngasinye futhi ezinehlumela elilodwa zitshalwa endaweni ehlukanisiwe. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, ama-rhizomes embewu ahlanganiswe nezinkomo ezibole kahle umquba or umquba exutshwe ne-Trichoderma (u-10 g womquba ofakwe kwi-Trichoderma) ungafakwa emigodini engashoni futhi umbozwe ungqimba oluncane lwenhlabathi futhi ulinganiswe. Cishe i-600-1000 kgs yembewu-rhizomes iyadingeka ukuhlwanyela ihektare elilodwa lendawo. Amazinga aphezulu embewu asetshenziselwa ukutshala ezindaweni eziphakeme. Ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa ngo-April-May eNingizimu ye-India futhi kamuva kancane eNyakatho ye-India. Ukuhlwanyela maphakathi no-April eningizimu futhi ngeviki lokuqala likaMeyi enyakatho kunikeza imikhiqizo ephezulu.
Isitshalo sikaGinger esiniselwe siniselwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlwanyela. Imibhede yezitshalo ezidliwa yimvula imbozwa ngomboza ngamaqabunga njengesivikelo elangeni nasezimvula ezinkulu kanye nokunothisa izinto eziphilayo emhlabathini. Kwezinye izindawo, umquba wasepulazini isetshenziswa njenge-mulch. Imbewu ye-cluster-bean, ijuba-pea noma i-castor ihlwanyelwa kuyo uchelela imigudu emakhoneni emibhede ephakanyisiwe yomthunzi. Amahlumela avela ezinsukwini eziyi-10-20.
Isidingo sokunisela ekukhiqizeni ujinja:
Kufanele kuhlinzekwe imigudu efanele yokukhipha amanzi phakathi kwemigqa ukuze kukhishwe amanzi amile. Ukunisela kwenziwa ngezikhawu ezihlukene zezinsuku ezi-5 – 10 njengoba kudingekile.
Izinqubo ze-Ginger Culture:
Ukumboza nge-mulching imibhede yejinja enamaqabunga aluhlaza kuwumsebenzi obalulekile ku-ginger ukulima. Ngaphandle kokuba umquba wemvelo, uyasiza ekongeni inhlabathi namanzi. Ukumboza nge-mulching kungenziwa ngamahlamvu aluhlaza kathathu ku-ginger, kanye ngokushesha ngemva kokutshala @ 4 to 5 tonne/acre ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhluma, ukwandisa izinto eziphilayo, kanye nokulondoloza. umswakama wenhlabathi nokuvimbela ukugezwa kwenhlabathi ngenxa yezimvula ezinkulu. Iphindaphindwa @ 2 tonnes/acre ngosuku lwama-40 kanye nama-90 emva kokutshala okungcono kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlakula, ukuhlakula nokufaka umhlabathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Lantana camara kanye namaqabunga e-Vitex negundo njenge-mulch kungase kunciphise ukuhlasela kwe-shoot borer. Ubulongwe benkomo noma ubulongwe obuwuketshezi bungase buthelwe embhedeni ngemva komunye nomunye umbhede ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-microbial kanye nokutholakala kwezakhi.
Ukulawula Ukhula Ekutshalweni Kwejinja:
Ama-weedings amabili ngokuvamile anikezwa isivuno. I weeding lokuqala ngaphambi nje mulching yesibili futhi okuphindaphindiwe kuye ngokuthi umfutho ukhula ukukhula. Indwangu yokhula ingase isetshenziselwe ukumboza ngembobo. Uma kunesidingo, ukuhluma kufanele kuphindwe okwesithathu. Izitshalo zihlanganiswa kanye noma kabili.
Ukunakekela izitshalo ze-Ginger:
I-Ginger idinga isisindo ukwenza umquba. Isicelo sokubola kahle ubulongwe benkomo noma imvundiso engu-2.5 kuya ku-3 amathani/ehektare ingenziwa njengomthamo we-basal ngenkathi kutshalwa ama-rhizomes emigodini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe ikhekhe le-neem @ 800 kg/acre nakho kuyathandeka.
Izinambuzane Nezifo, Izinyathelo Zokulawula Zezitshalo Zojinja:
I-Shoot borer iyisilokazana esikhulu sokulima ijinja. Ukubhekwa njalo kwensimu nokwamukelwa kwezinyathelo ze-phytosanitary kuyadingeka ekulawuleni izinambuzane. Ibonakala ngesikhathi sikaJulayi-Okthoba. Khomba amahlumela ahlaselwe yi-borer bese uvula ihlumela bese ukhetha isibungu futhi usibhubhise. Futha uwoyela we-neem (0.5%) ngezikhathi zamasonto amabili uma kutholakala kudingekile. Izicupho ezikhanyayo zizoba usizo ekuheheni nasekuqoqeni amabhu amadala.
Ukubola okuthambile noma ukubola kwe-rhizome kuyisifo esikhulu sokulima ijinja. Ngenkathi kukhethwa indawo yokulinywa kwejinja ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe ukuze kubonwe ukuthi indawo ikhishwe kahle njengoba ukumiswa kwamanzi kubangela ukuthi izitshalo zitheleleke. Khetha ama-rhizomes embewu ezindaweni ezingenazo izifo ngoba lesi sifo sitholakala nembewu. Ukuqothulwa komhlabathi okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kombhede kunganciphisa i-inoculum ye-fungus. Kodwa-ke, uma lesi sifo sibonwa, izigaxa ezithintekile kufanele zisuswe ngokucophelela kanye nenhlabathi ezungeze i-rhizome ukuze kuncishiswe ukusabalala. I-Trichoderma ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokutshala futhi emva kwalokho uma kunesidingo. Ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwengxube ye-Bordeaux (1%) ezindaweni ezivame ukugula kungenziwa ukuze kulawuleke njengokusetshenziswa kwamabala.
Ukuvuna, Ukwelapha, kanye Nokukhiqiza KweGinger:
Isitshalo se-Ginger silungele ukuvunwa cishe ezinyangeni eziyisi-8 kuya kweziyi-10 kuye ngokuvuthwa kwezinhlobonhlobo. Lapho amaqabunga esevuthiwe ngokuphelele aphenduka aphuzi futhi ama-pseudostems aqala ukoma. Ama-rhizomes aphakanyiswa noma ngemfoloko yokumba noma nge-spade. Zihlanzwa ezimpandeni kanye nezinhlayiya zenhlabathi ezinamathelayo.
I-ginger eluhlaza ifakwe emanzini ukuze kube lula ukususwa kwesikhumba. Isikhumba sikhuhlwa ngezicucu ezicijile uqalo. Imikhiqizo ekhutshiwe iyagezwa futhi yomiswe elangeni izinsuku ezi-3 noma ezi-4 bese ikhuhlwa ngesandla. Iphinde ingene emanzini amahora amabili, yomiswe bese ikhuhlwa ukuze kukhishwe zonke izingcezu ezisele zesikhumba. Ukomisa ilanga nakho kwenza umkhiqizo ube mhlophe. Ukucwecwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela nangekhono. Amafutha abalulekile anika i-ginger uhlamvu olumnandi akhona kumaseli e-epidermal futhi ngakho-ke ukukhuhla ngokweqile noma ukunganaki kuzoholela ekulimazeni lawa maseli okuholela ekulahlekeni kwamafutha abalulekile. Imimese yensimbi ayisetshenziswa njengoba itholakala ukungcolisa umkhiqizo. Ukugcinwa kwe-ginger eyomile isikhathi eside akufiseleki. Isivuno sejinja eyomile singamaphesenti angu-15-25 wejinja entsha kuye ngokuthi izinhlobonhlobo kanye nendawo lapho isitshalo sitshalwa khona. Ukushiswa kwesibabule sokucubungula i-ginger akuvunyelwe.
Isilinganiso sesivuno sejinja eluhlaza silinganiselwa kumathani ayi-6 kuya kwayi-10 ihektare ngalinye. Ukubuyiselwa kwejinja eyomile kuyehluka kusuka kumaphesenti ayi-16 - 25.
Ukulondolozwa Kwembewu Ye-Ginger:
Ama-rhizomes okufanele asetshenziswe njengembewu kufanele agcinwe ngokucophelela. Imikhuba yomdabu njengokusabalalisa izingqimba zamahlamvu I-Glycosmis pentaphylla ukulandelwa abalimi kungamukelwa kahle ngale njongo. Ukuze kuhlume kahle, ama-rhizomes embewu kufanele agcinwe kahle emigodini ngaphansi komthunzi.
Ukuze uthole imbewu, ama-rhizomes amakhulu nanempilo avela ezitshalweni ezingenazo izifo akhethwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna. Ngale njongo, izigaxa ezinempilo nezingenazifo ziyaphawulwa ensimini lapho isilimo sinezinyanga eziyisi-6 - 8 ubudala futhi sisaluhlaza. Ama-rhizomes embewu agcinwa emigodini yobukhulu obulula eyenziwe eshede ukuze uvikeleke elangeni nasemvuleni. Izindonga zemigodi zingagcotshwa ngobulongwe benkomo. Ama-rhizome embewu agcinwa kule migodi ngokwezingqimba kanye nesihlabathi/i-sawdust eyomiswe kahle (okungukuthi, beka ungqimba olulodwa lwama-rhizomes embewu, bese ubeka ungqimba oluwu-2 cm lwesihlabathi/sawdust). Igebe elanele kufanele lishiywe phezulu emigodini ukuze kungene umoya okwanele. Ama-rhizome embewu emigodini adinga ukuhlolwa kanye ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amabili ukuze kukhishwe ama-rhizomes ashwabene futhi ahlaselwe yizifo. Ama-rhizome embewu angabuye agcinwe emigodini embiwe phansi ngaphansi komthunzi wesihlahla inqobo nje uma lingekho ithuba lokungena kwamanzi emigodini. Kwezinye izindawo, ama-rhizomes anqwabelana ngokukhululekile phezu kongqimba lwesihlabathi noma erayisi ikhoba futhi limbozwe ngamaqabunga omile ezindlini zotshani.
Okubalulekile ekukhuleni kwe-Ginger:
I-Ginger Farming iyisitshalo esinenzuzo engcono kakhulu.