Ukusebenza kwensimu njengokuphinda kugilwe kabusha ngonyaka ezitshalweni ze-asparagus, ukusebenza kwesifutho nokuvuna kungaholela ekucineni okuqhubekayo nokunamandla kwamasondo aphakathi kwemibhede, okuholela ekungeneni okuncishisiwe kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yokugezwa kwamanzi angaphezulu, ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi.
Iphrojekthi exhaswe yi-AHDB FV 450 'I-Asparagus: Ukuphathwa kwenhlabathi okuqhubekayo ukuze kuphile isikhathi eside kanye nokwenza ngcono isivuno' (01/05/2016 – 31/03/2018), ukuthuthukisa kanye nokusabalalisa ngempumelelo uchungechunge Lwezindlela Zokuphatha Ezingcono Kakhulu (BMPs) ukuze kuvinjwe futhi/noma kulungiswe ukuminyana kwamasondo kanye nezinkinga ezizibangelayo. Lo msebenzi wawuqhutshwa uDkt Rob Simmons weCranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, eNyuvesi yaseCranfield.
Ukuhlolwa kwenkambu okuphindiwe okubili kwasungulwa ngo-April 2016 e-Gatsford Farm, e-Ross-on-Wye, ngosekelo oluvela e-Cobrey Farms. Ama-BMP afaka (1) izitshalo ezihambisanayo - Rye (Sereale cecale L.), lwesinaphi (Sinapis alba L.), (2) ukufakwa kwe-interrow surface mulch (i-mulch yotshani noma umquba we-PAS 100 uhlanganiswe nokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi engashoni (SSD)) kanye (3) nenhlanganisela yezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokulima (ukuphinda kugawulwe (R) kanye ne-SSD) ngokumelene (4) inketho ye-zero-tillage. Ukuphazamiseka Kwenhlabathi Engashoni kwasetshenziswa kusetshenziswa umucu onamaphiko ekujuleni okungu-0.25 – 0.3 m ekwelapheni kwemboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla.
Ku-Experiment 1 (iziqephu zokuhlola ezingama-48), umthelela wama-BMP wacwaningwa e-Gijnlim, emele u-70% wezitshalo ze-asparagus ezitshalwe ensimini yase-UK. Isivivinyo sesi-2 siqhathanise umehluko wezinhlobonhlobo ekuthuthukisweni kwezimpande kanye nezakhiwo kanye, nokusatshalaliswa kwephrofayili yezimpande njengoba kuthintwa ukwelapha okungaphansi kwe-Gijnlim ne-Guelph Millennium. Ukusethwa kwesilingo kunikezwa ngezansi -
Amathebula 1 – Isilingo 1: Izincazelo zokwelashwa
Okunhlobonhlobo | Incazelo yokwelashwa | Ukumisa kabusha |
I-Gijnlim | I-Companion Crop - i-rye | R |
I-Gijnlim | I-Companion Crop - i-rye | NR |
I-Gijnlim | Isilimo esingumngane - lwesinaphi | R |
I-Gijnlim | Isilimo esingumngane - lwesinaphi | NR |
I-Gijnlim | PAS 100 umquba SSD | R |
I-Gijnlim | PAS 100 umquba SSD | NR |
I-Gijnlim | I-SSD ye-Mulch yotshani | R |
I-Gijnlim | I-SSD ye-Mulch yotshani | NR |
I-Gijnlim | I-SSD yenhlabathi engenalutho | R |
I-Gijnlim | I-SSD yenhlabathi engenalutho | NR |
I-Gijnlim | Umkhuba Ovamile | R |
I-Gijnlim | I-Zero-tillage | NR |
Ukukhishwa kabusha konyaka (R) noma i-Zero-ridging (NR). Ukuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi engashoni (SSD). Ukwelashwa ngokugqamile kufakwe ku-Experiment 2.
Isilingo sesi-2: Izincazelo zokwelashwa
Okunhlobonhlobo | Incazelo yokwelashwa | Ukumisa kabusha |
I-Gijnlim | I-SSD yenhlabathi engenalutho | R |
I-Gijnlim | I-SSD yenhlabathi engenalutho | NR |
I-Gijnlim | *Umkhuba Ojwayelekile | R |
I-Gijnlim | I-Zero-tillage | NR |
Guelph Millennium | I-SSD yenhlabathi engenalutho | R |
Guelph Millennium | I-SSD yenhlabathi engenalutho | NR |
Guelph Millennium | *Umkhuba Ojwayelekile | R |
Guelph Millennium | I-Zero-tillage | NR |
Ukukhishwa kabusha konyaka (R) noma i-Zero-ridging (NR). Ukuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi engashoni (SSD). Ukwelashwa ngokugqamile kufakwe kusukela ku-Experiment 1.
*Ukwenza okuvamile kuchazwa njengokugingqa kabusha kwaminyaka yonke ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi okungashoni okufakwa kumasondo e-interrow.
Ukwakhiwa kwezimpande kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwephrofayili yezimpande kuye kwanqunywa. Izimpande zezimpande zithathwe kulayini we-crown zero (CZL) phakathi kwezitshalo ezimbili zilandelana. Ama-cores nawo athathwa kamuva, kude ne-CZL, kodwa ngokuhambisana nomqhele emabangeni angu-0.3 m, 0.6 m no-0.9 m (Figure 1). Izimpande zezimpande zakhishwa kulokhu kujula kwenhlabathi okulandelayo: 0.00 - 0.15 m, 0.15 - 0.30 m, 0.30 - 0.45 m kanye no-0.45 - 0.6 m.
Umfanekiso 1. Iphrothokholi ye-root coring eyamukelwe esizeni sesivivinyo se-FV 450 / FV 450a.
Iphrojekthi yeminyaka emibili ikhombise ukuthambekela okuqinile kokuthi izimpande ze-Gijnlim zande kakhulu kune-Guelph Millennium kodwa akukho mehluko omkhulu ekusabalaliseni kwesikhala sokuminyana kwezimpande obonwe phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo. Ukuvuna okulinganiselwe ukuze kulinganiswe izivuno kubonise ukuthi ukugoqa kabusha akuzange kunciphise isivuno sanoma yiluphi uhlobo nakuba imiphumela yaphakamisa ukuthi, esitshalweni esisha kanye namasondo asezindaweni ezingu-1.83 m, ukusebenza ngaphansi komhlaba okufika ku-0.3 m ukujula kwakuphephile ukuthi kungenziwa lapho izitshalo ezihambisana ne-rye noma lwesinaphi. zakhula. Bekukhona nokho ingozi yokulimaza u-2-5% wesamba sezimpande lapho inhlabathi ingaphansi kwamasondo ekujuleni okungu-0.175 cm ku-Guelph Millennium kanye nokushona kuka-0.3 m e-Gijnlim.
Izitshalo ezihambisana ne-Rye kanye nesinaphi zibonakala zikhawulela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande ze-asparagus endaweni ye-ridge, ngokukhula okuncane kwezimpande endaweni (<0.15 m) yamasondo. I-rye / inhlabathi engashoni ukuphazamiseka kokwelashwa okungagoqiwe kuveze okuphansi kakhulu (okungaphansi ngo-18.9 - 28.5%) kunezinye izindlela eziningi zokwelapha. Lokhu kuncipha kuqhathanise kakhulu nokutholwe abalimi be-asparagus baseNyakatho Melika.
Amanani aphezulu e-Penetromer Resistance (PR>3 MPa) kanye ne-Bulk Density (BD>1.45 cm)-3)
izilinganiso zabonwa enhlabathini engaphansi engaphezulu kumasondo, okungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezimpande ze-asparagus. Ukuqoshwa okuphezulu kwe-BD nakho kwenzelwe inhlabathi ephezulu emaphakathi. Ngokomlando, izimpande ze-asparagus ziye zabonwa enhlabathini enamanani e-PR angu-1.96 MPa kanye no-2.9 MPa). Umthelela wamanani aphezulu e-PR kanye ne-BD ekukhuleni kohlelo lwezimpande zokugcinwa kwe-asparagus futhi yingakho amandla okugcina ama-carbohydrate ancibilikayo akwaziwa okwamanje.
Iphrojekthi yokuqhubeka i-FV 450a (02/04 2018 – 02/04/2021) yenziwa njengocwaningo lwe-PhD nguLucie Maskova, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaDkt Rob Simmons, uDkt Sarah De Baets noDkt Lynda Deeks eCranfield. Lokhu kwaqhubeka nokutadisha imithelela yokwelashwa kwe-FV450 ezivunweni, ekuthuthukisweni kwezimpande kanye nezakhiwo kanye namazinga ama-carbohydrate ancibilikayo ohlelweni lwezimpande kanye nomthelela empilweni yenhlabathi. Umehluko ohlukahlukene ekuphenduleni kwezimpande kuma-BMP wahlolwa kwase kwenziwa inhlolovo ebanzi yokwakhiwa kwezimpande ze-asparagus ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenhlabathi, ubudala bezitshalo, izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza kuwo wonke umphakathi wabalimi be-asparagus yenziwa. Amazinga e-carbohydrate ezimpande zezimpande anqunywa kuzo zonke izizinda kanye nokuhlolwa okwenziwe 'ngobungozi bokulimala kwezimpande' ezitshalweni ezithile ezihloliwe.
I-FV 450a: Umthelela wama-BMP esivunweni
Ukwelashwa komquba we-PAS 100 (okuhlehlisiwe nokungagoqiwe kuhlanganiswe nokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi engashoni) kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuphakama okungama-20% ekuvunweni komkhonto we-asparagus uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela evamile yokwelapha kanye ne-rye engagobile. Ukwelashwa okungeyona i-rye kuqhubekile nokuhlotshaniswa nokuncipha kwesivuno ngo-23% uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwe-rye ridged (Umfanekiso 2).
Umfanekiso 2. Umehluko ngo-2020 wesivuno se-Gijnlim (kg ha-1) phakathi kokuhlolwa koku-1 kokwelashwa. Amabha aqondile asho izikhawu zokuzethemba ezingu-0.95.
Lokhu kunikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi lapho i-rye itshalwa njengesitshalo esihambisanayo futhi ngeke kwenziwe, entwasahlobo elandelayo kungalindelwa ukwehla kwesivuno esikhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ukugawulwa kungenziwa akukho nhlawulo yesivuno ebonwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo evamile noma i-zero-tillage. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okutholakele, abalimi bangase bangafuni ukubeka i-rye engozini njengesitshalo esihambisana nabo, uma kwenzeka isimo sezulu / inhlabathi isho ukuthi abakwazi ukungena emhlabathini ukuze bagibele.
Imiphumela yango-2020 ilandele okutholwe ngo-2018 nango-2019 ukuthi amanani ezimpande zezimpande ze-asparagus ze-Guelph Millennium aphakeme kakhulu kunokulingana ne-Gijnlim, kungakhathaliseki ukwelashwa. Ngaphandle komehluko othile ocacile wesivuno, awukho umthelela wokwelashwa kumanani e-carbohydrate ezimpande ngo-2019 noma ngo-2020.
Imiphumela iphinda ibonise ukuthi kuyo yomibili i-Gijnlim ne-Guelph Millennium, ukumiswa kabusha kwaminyaka yonke okuhlotshaniswa nomkhuba ovamile kuholele ekwehleni kwesivuno ngo-20-24% uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa okufanayo kwe-zero-tillage. Lokhu kungase ngokwengxenye kuqinisekise ucwaningo lwangaphambili olubonisa ukuthi ukugoqa kabusha kwaminyaka yonke kubangela ukulimala kwezimpande nokunciphisa isivuno.
I-FV 450a: Umthelela kuma-BMP ekucineni komhlabathi nasekungeneni kuwo
Ukwenza okuvamile kwakuhlotshaniswa namanani aphezulu kakhulu okumelana ne-penetrometer (PR) ukusuka ku-0.0-0.2 m ukujula, uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwenhlabathi engenalutho. Ngokuphambene, amanani e-PR aphansi kakhulu endaweni yonke yomhlabathi kusukela ekuphathweni kwe-zero-tillage abonise ukuminyana kwenhlabathi encane uma kuqhathaniswa nakho konke okunye ukwelashwa kwenhlabathi engenalutho.
Ukunqampuna okuhambisanayo akuzange kuthinte kakhulu i-PR uma kuqhathaniswa nokwenza okuvamile. Lokhu bekungalindelekile, njengoba kusekelwe ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ngaphambilini, uhlaka lwenhlabathi oluyi-bioremediated lokutshala okuhambisanayo.
Ngo-2020, i-PR yehliswa kakhulu kumasondo e-interrow yaba ku-0.25 m ukujula kuzo zonke izindlela zokwelapha zokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi ezingashoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-straw mulch kanye nokwelashwa komquba we-PAS 100 (okusetshenziswa kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi engashoni) kubangele ukuminyana okuncane kakhulu kunomkhuba ovamile ekujuleni okukhulu kuno-0.5 m.
Ngo-2020, amazinga okungena kuzo zonke izindlela zokwelapha ezingaphansi kokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi engashoni ahlukaniswa ngokuthi “Kushesha Kakhulu” (>500 mm h1) futhi zaziphakeme kakhulu kunezivamile (“Okumaphakathi”, 23.2 mm h-1).
Imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi inhlanganisela yokufaka isimboza semboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla (okungaba i-PAS 100 Umquba noma utshani) ukuze kube namasondo aphakathi nendawo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi engashoni kunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukucinana kwezihlalo ezijulile futhi kwandisa ukungena. Lokhu kunomthelela ekulawuleni ukugeleza nokuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokushajwa kabusha komswakama wenhlabathi.
I-FV 450a: Umthelela wokwelashwa ekwakhiweni kwezimpande
Umehluko omkhulu ku-whole profile root mass density (RMD) ubonwe phakathi kokulinywa okunguziro kanye nokwelapha okuvamile. Lokhu kube ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu ku-RMD ekujuleni okungu-0.15 – 0.30 m, 0.3, 0.6 kanye no-0.9 m ukusuka kumugqa onguziro womqhele. Lo mehluko ufinyelela phakathi kokukhuphuka okungama-48-98% ku-RMD okuhlobene nokwelashwa kokutshala iqanda uma kuqhathaniswa nomkhuba ovamile. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukugoqa kabusha kwaminyaka yonke kulimaza izimpande zokugcina. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, akukho kuncipha okuphawulekayo kwesivuno noma ukwanda kwezifo eziye zabonwa maqondana nalokhu kwelashwa.
I-Guelph Millennium ihlotshaniswa nokuthambekela kwezimpande okungajulile uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Gijnlim. Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa kwe-zero-tillage, okuvumela ukuthi impande ye-asparagus ikhule ingaphazanyiswa, i-Guelph Millennium ihlotshaniswa ne-RMD ephakeme engu-66-100% ekujuleni okungu-0.0 - 0.15 m ku-0.3 kanye no-0.6 m ukusuka emugqeni onguziro womqhele, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Gijnlim.
Kuzo zonke izindlela zokwelapha, ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi (ukuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi engashoni) kumasondo aphakathi kwemigqa kungase kulimaze kufika ku-5% wesamba sezimpande zezimpande ngaphansi kohlu lokucushwa olusetshenziswa ekushoniseni okungama-300 mm. Imisebenzi yaminyaka yonke yokugudluza inamandla okulimaza kufika ku-5% wengqikithi ye-biomass yezimpande.
I-FV 450a: Imiphumela yocwaningo lomlimi
Ezinkambuni ezithathwe endaweni esebeni elibanzi lomlimi, ukuhlukana kwemigqa ye-asparagus kuyahlukahluka njengomsebenzi wezikhungo ezinamasondo. Amanani aphezulu kakhulu obunzima bempande atholwe emugqeni onguziro futhi afinyelele ku-0.3m kude nokhakhayi, kanye namanani aphansi kakhulu ku-'deadzone' eduze nomhlabathi (0-0.3m). Ukuhlukahluka bekungeyona into ekhona ekusabalaliseni ubukhulu bezimpande, kuyilapho iminyaka yokuma ibe nomthelela omkhulu. Ukuhlehla kabusha okuphindaphindiwe kanye nokungcoliswa okuncane kumasondo kuvimbele ukunwetshwa kwesistimu yezimpande endaweni yamasondo ngaleyo ndlela kubangele 'ukuncishiswa' okuphawulekayo kwe-biomass yezimpande ezingase zibe khona okungafezwa. Lokhu kunomthelela ekugcinweni kwama-carbohydrate. I-root mass ibuye yahlotshaniswa kabi ne-PR yenhlabathi kuzo zonke izindawo namasimu amasampula. Imiphumela iyaqhubeka nokusekela isincomo sokuthi ukuze kuvinjwe ukulimala kwezimpande zesitoreji ngokuhlehlisa kabusha noma ngokudiliza phansi, abalimi kufanele benze uhlolo oluhlolayo lokusabalalisa iphrofayili yezimpande ngaphambi kokuqalisa kabusha ukugxumeka kanye/noma ukungcolisa phansi.
Iphrojekthi yokuqhuba i-FV 450b (kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Julayi 2021)
(Kungaphansi kwesinqumo sikangqongqoshe we-Defra ngekusasa le-AHDB Horticulture)
Iqembu labaphathi bephrojekthi (PMG), elihlanganisa u-John Chinn wase-Cobrey Farm, u-Phil Langley wakwa-Gs Sandfields Farm Ltd., u-Tim Casey we-J & V Casey & Son Ltd. kanye nomxhumanisi ozimele u-Claire Donkin banombono wokuthi lo msebenzi kufanele uqhubeke. iminyaka emi-3 ezayo, njengoba kubalulekile ukuqapha isilimo njengoba sivuthwa sifinyelela esigabeni esiphezulu sokukhiqiza ukuhweba. Ukuhlolwa akukafinyeleli kulesi sigaba sokuvuthwa kwezitshalo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezomnotho okwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engu-4-7 (Umfanekiso 3). Lesi yisikhathi esibalulekile sokubuyisela abalimi. Ngakho-ke, umthelela wokulungiswa kabusha kwaminyaka yonke ekuphileni isikhathi eside kanye nenzuzo udinga ukuqhubeka uqashwe futhi kuhlolwe imithelela yezomnotho. Umbono we-PMG wesekwa yikomiti lezobuchwepheshe le-AGA Research & Development ngoSepthemba 2020.
Umfanekiso 3. FV450 / FV450a / FV450b umugqa wesikhathi wephrojekthi okhombisa imisebenzi kuze kube manje kanye nenkathi yenkathi ebalulekile yokuvuthwa kwezohwebo.
Izinhloso ziwukuqhubeka nokuhlola umthelela wama-BMP esivunweni se-asparagus, ukuhlala isikhathi eside, izifo kanye nempilo yomhlabathi. Umsebenzi uzobandakanya ukuhlolwa okubalulekile kwendima ye-PAS 100 yokufakwa komquba ekwandiseni isivuno; ukuhlolwa okugcwele kwenhlabathi izinkomba ezibonakalayo, zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwephrofayili yezimpande zesitoreji, ukuze kubonakale izimo ezifanele zokwanda kwezimpande zokugcina. Amanani okumelana ne-Threshold penetrative resistance akhawulela ubude bezimpande azolinganiswa futhi umehluko ohlukahlukene ekwakhiweni kwezimpande kanye nesivuno sizoqhubeka nokuhlolwa.
Le phrojekthi izokhomba i-BMP engabizi kakhulu, mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kokushayela ekuvuneni kwe-asparagus kanye nempilo yenhlabathi phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka eyi-6 yesivuno sezentengiselwano, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezindleko zenzuzo. Lokhu kuzovumela abalimi be-asparagus ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nezomnotho zokwamukela ama-BMP esimweni somnotho webhizinisi labo lamapulazi.
Izinhloso futhi wukwehlukanisa ngokwesilinganiso ama-BMP akhethiwe kwezinye iziza zabalimi ngokusungulwa kweziza zesathelayithi eziyi-3-5 eziphindaphindekile. Iphrojekthi izophinde iphenye indima engaba khona ye-oats njengenye isitshalo esiwumngane esikhundleni se-rye, ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukugeleza kwamanzi / ukuguguleka ebusika.
Ulwazi olunzulu
Landa imibiko yephrojekthi lapha
Hlangana neqembu
Grace Choto
Umphathi Wokushintshana Kolwazi - Imifino Yensimu (Amasaladi anamaqabunga, amakhambi kanye nemifino ekhethekile)Bona umlando ogcwele
UKim Parker
Usosayensi wokuvikela izitshalo: izifoBona umlando ogcwele