Amazinga okushisa ashisayo esibe nawo abangele ama-thrips kanye nezinga elincane le-spider mite emibili, i-TSSM (Tetranychus urticae) ukwanda ngokushesha kwezinye izinkambu zemifino eMaryland.
Lezi zinambuzane zidla ngokubhoboza ungqimba lwangaphandle lwezicubu zezitshalo nokumunca okuqukethwe kwamangqamuzana, okuphumela ekugoqeni, ukuguquguquka okushintshe umbala, noma ukucwebezela kweqabunga leqabunga (Fig.1). Sizokhuluma kakhulu ngama-thrips kulokhu njengoba ngimboze ama-TSSM esihlokweni sangaphambilini. Ukudla kwamathrips kuvame ukuhambisana nama-black flecks (amathrips poop) (Fig. 1a), kuyilapho indle yemite imhlophe noma icacile.
Lezi zinambuzane ezimbili zingashintsha umbala futhi zibe nesibazi indawo yeqabunga, imbali, nezithelo, futhi zihlanekezele izingxenye zezitshalo futhi, esimweni sama-thrips, amagciwane ezitshalo ze-vector. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zemifino evame kakhulu i-Eastern flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici, Tobacco thrips Frankliniella fusca, Western flower thrips, F. occidentalis kanye ne-Onion thrips Thrips tabaci. Izinhlobo ezintathu zokugcina yizona ezisethubeni lokudlulisa igciwane le-tomato spotted wilt virus, i-TSWV.
Ukondla kwe-Thrips kukhiqiza izimpendulo zezicubu ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwezibazi nokukhula okuhlanekezelwe (umkhiwane 2). Ezinsikazi zezinhlobo eziningi ezidla izitshalo zibekela amaqanda azo amise okwezinso phezu noma phakathi kwezicubu zezitshalo (lokhu kubekwa kwakamuva kwenza kube nzima ukuthola amaqanda e-thrips ezitshalweni). Amathrips achanyuselwa eqandeni futhi akhule abe yizigaba ezimbili zezibungu bese kuba yizigaba 'ze-prepupa ne-pupa', ngaphambi kokuba umuntu omdala.
Ama-prepupae kanye neziphungumangathi zezinhlobo eziningi ziwela emhlabathini noma kudoti wamaqabunga ukuze zithole izibungu. Amathrips anezizukulwane ezimbalwa (kuze kufike kweziyisishiyagalombili) ngonyaka. Uma isimo sezulu sifudumele, umjikelezo wempilo ungase ube mfushane njengamaviki ama-2.
Amathrips amathrips emifino yilezi: izimbali zikatamatisi, upelepele noma ikhabe zingabekezelela ama-thrips ama-5/imbali ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokukhula kwezithelo. Izimbali ze-squash nethanga zingabekezelela i-5-10 thrips/flower ngaphandle komthelela kwikhwalithi yezithelo. Isicelo esisodwa noma ezimbili ze-pyrethroid noma i-neonic noma i-spinosad (bona 2020/2021 Izincomo Zokukhiqiza Imifino Yezentengiselwano Yamaphakathi Ne-Atlantic igayidi) esetshenziswa ngamanzi anele (60-80 gal/a, kufanele uvikeleke kahle) kufanele ulawule ukuhlasela kwama-thrips amaningi.
Ezibungwini ezimbili ezinamachashaza i-Agri-Mek ibonise imiphumela emihle kakhulu ngisho nalapho isifutho singenele. Kukhona amanye ama-miticides amaningana afana ne-Akramite ezonikeza ukulawula okuhle kwe-TSSM futhi ingatholakala kumhlahlandlela wezincomo. Qiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa noma yiziphi izibulala-zinambuzane lapho izinyosi ngeke zisebenze ensimini.
Ezinye zezibalo zama-thrips nezibungu endle manje cishe ziwumphumela wokufakelwa okuhlaselwe kancane yilezi zinambuzane. Lokhu kuhlasela kuvame ukuqukatha ama-immatures, okunzima ukuwabona noma amaqanda cishe angeke akwazi ukuwathola uma ebeke ngaphakathi kwezicubu zamaqabunga (ama-thrips) noma kukhona ambalwa awo ngaphansi kweqabunga emifantwini (izibungu).
Ucwaningo engilwenzile lukhombisa ukuthi uma uphatha ukufakelwa kwakho (ikakhulukazi utamatisi) ngezicelo ezi-2 zesifutho sikawoyela we-horticultural (0.5-1% ngevolumu) ngohlelo lokuqala oluza ezinsukwini eziyi-7-10 ngaphambi kokutshala kanye no-2.nd ezayo izinsuku ezingu-1-2 (noma imiyalelo yelebula ngayinye) ngaphambi kokuthi uye ensimini, ungakwazi cishe ukuqeda noma yiziphi izinkinga ze- thrips noma izinkinga ezimbili zesicabucabu ezinamachashaza eziqale ekufakweni kwakho.
Phakathi nenkathi yokufafaza izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-3-4 kuma-thrips noma izibungu zesicabucabu esinamabala amabili ensimini phakathi nenkathi yamaviki angu-4-5 ngaphandle kokulawula okuncane kuzoholela enkingeni embi nakakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izifutho zizonciphisa kakhulu zonke izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane, kodwa hhayi ama-thrips noma i-TSSM okungenzeka ithuthuke ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ezifakelwe. Uma usugcobe isibulala-zinambuzane noma i- miticide udinga ukuhlola ukuthi isebenze kahle kangakanani ngokuhlola insimu futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokufaka isicelo. Uma izinambuzane zisasebenza kakhulu udinga ukuhlola kabusha ukuthi yini esetshenzisiwe nokuthi yasetshenziswa kanjani.
Xhumana nothisha wesifunda sakho noma uchwepheshe wezitshalo ukuze uthole usizo ekwenzeni ukuhlaziya.
- UJerry Brust, IPM Vegetable Specialist, University of Maryland
Umfanekiso 2 phezulu. I-Pepper leaf ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yokudla kwama-thrips.