Imakethe yemifino eNdiya, Ungaqala Kanjani imifino ukuthekelisa ibhizinisi: Izithelo ezintsha nemifino yazo zonke izinhlobo ziyachuma ezindaweni eziningi zaseNdiya. Ngenxa yalokho, ingena endaweni yesibili izithelo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemifino ngemuva kweChina. Ngo-2019-20, i-India yakhiqiza amathani ezithelo ayizigidi ezingama-99.07 kanye namathani emifino ayizigidi eziyi-191.77, ngokusho kwe-National Horticulture Database (Second Advance Estimates) eshicilelwe yiNational Horticulture Board. Ukutshala izithelo kwenza amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-6.66, kuyilapho ukutshala imifino kubalwa amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-10.35. Ngokusekelwe kwizibalo zakamuva ze-FAO (2019), i-India ikleliswe endaweni yesibili ngamazambane, u-anyanisi, ukholifulawa, Brinjal, iklabishi, njll., emhlabeni wemifino. Phakathi kwezithelo, ingena kuqala ibhanana ukukhiqizwa (26.08%), sasigaya upopo ukukhiqizwa (44.05%), kanye i-Mango ukukhiqizwa (okuhlanganisa ama-mangosteen namagwava) (45.69%). E-India, kunamathuba amakhulu okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yesisekelo esikhulu sokukhiqiza. Ngo-2020-21, ukuthunyelwa kwezithelo nemifino okuvela e-India kwabiza ama-Rs. 9,940.95 cores/ 1,342.14 USD Izigidi, ezihlanganisa nemifino ebiza u-Rs. 4,969.73 cores/ 667.61 USD Izigidi, izithelo ezibiza ama-Rs. 4,971.22 cores/ 674.53 USD Izigidi. Amagilebhisi, amapomegranati, ubhanana, umango, ama-oranges yenza ingxenye enkulu yezithelo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisuka ezweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Anyanisi, Imifino Exutshiwe, Amazambane, Utamatisi, Noshibhisi Ohlaza kwenza ingxenye enkulu yemifino ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kuvamile ukuthi imifino yaseNdiya iye eBangladesh, UAE, Netherlands, Nepal, Malaysia, UK, Sri Lanka, Oman, naseQatar. Umkhiqizo weHorticulture ovela eNdiya uya ngokuya ukwamukelwa emhlabeni jikelele, nakuba isabelo saseNdiya singaba ngu-1% kuphela. Inhlanganisela yentuthuko kwingqalasizinda ebandayo kanye nezindlela zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kwenze lokhu kwenzeke. Umkhakha kahulumeni nawo utshale izimali futhi wathatha izinyathelo, ngaphandle kwezinkampani ezizimele. Ezweni, izikhungo eziningana yokusingatha ngemva kokuvuna okubolayo kusungulwe ngosizo lwe-APEDA. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amakhono nazo seziqalisiwe emazingeni abalimi, abacubungula, nabathumela kwamanye amazwe.
Umhlahlandlela wemakethe yemifino e-india, nokuthi ungaliqala kanjani ibhizinisi lokuthekelisa imifino
Isici esivamile somsoco womuntu yimifino, esetshenziswa kabanzi kangangokuthi ukudla ngaphandle kwemifino kubhekwa njengokungaphelele kunoma yiliphi isiko. Zitshalwa endaweni engaba yizigidi eziyisi-6 zamahektha, amele u-3% wazo zonke izindawo ezilinywayo. Njengoba kunconywe udokotela wezokudla, isidingo semifino singama-300 amagremu/ngosuku/umuntu. Kodwa-ke, sikwazile kuphela ukuhlangana cishe ne-1/9th yalowo mgomo. Imifino yethulwa isuka kwamanye amazwe iye eNdiya ngobuningi. Ukukhiqizwa kwemifino okuthuthukisiwe kuzosiza ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuhlinzekwa kokudla kwaseNdiya ngenkathi kuthuthukisa izidingo zomsoco zoquqaba. Indawo encane elinywayo ingase ifaneleke kangcono ukulima imifino ethela kakhulu endaweni ngayinye. Ukutshala imifino nakho kungadala amathuba emisebenzi abalulekile ngenxa yesimo sawo esidinga abasebenzi abaningi. Kwenye ingxenye yezwe, sijabulela izimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene ze-AGRO ezikhuthaza imifino unyaka wonke, ukugcina ukutholakala kwemifino emisha eqhubekayo.
Izinhlobonhlobo zemifino zitholakala ezimakethe zaseNdiya
Imakethe yasekhaya kanye namazwe angomakhelwane e-Gulf ayidinga kakhulu le mifino ngesikhathi sokuphumula. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-40 zemifino etshalwa eNdiya. Imifino ingahlukaniswa njengemifino engaphansi komhlaba, imifino ye-Herbage, noma imifino yezithelo ukuze kube lula.
Imifino enezingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba: Le mifino igcina ukudla kwayo ngaphansi komhlaba. Imifino engaphansi komhlaba inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: izimpande ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye neziqu ezingaphansi komhlaba, isb, i-Solanum tuberosum (I-Sweet izambane), Yam, Beta vulgaris (Beetroot), Daucus carota (Izaqathi), njll.
Imifino ye-Herbage: Ngokuvamile, ingxenye edliwayo yalezi zitshalo yisithelo, yingakho zibizwa ngemifino yezithelo. 3 Izithelo, Imifino: Ingxenye edliwayo yaleli qembu iqukethe izithelo. Izinhlobo ezitshaliwe iTomatoes, Solanum Melongena (Brinjal), Peppers, Chilies, Okra, Melons, kanye namaGourds. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukutshalwa kwemifino ngezinga elikhulu sekuthole ukuthandwa emapulazini aqhelelene nezindawo ezidliwayo. Muva nje, izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemifino, kokubili ukudla nokucubungula, zikhishwe. Kuye kwasungulwa izindlela zokudala zokuphatha inhlabathi, amanzi, umanyolo, nemifino izitshalo. Amaphethini okutshala ahlukene alungisiwe ezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha zemifino kumakhalenda wezitshalo.
Ukutshalwa kabusha kwama- cucurbits ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukisa indlela yokwenza imbewu ukuze kukhiqizwe imbewu yamazambane engenagciwane emathafeni asenyakatho yeNdiya. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwemifino yezwe kuye kwanda njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka kulo mkhakha. U-60% wesamba somkhiqizo wemifino e-Japan uvela kumazambane, utamatisi, u-anyanisi, iklabishi, nokholifulawa. Njengoba inani labantu elikhula njalo ezweni lakithi, imifino, okuhlanganisa nezimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa, idlala indima ebalulekile ekudleni nasekuvikelekeni kokudla okunomsoco. Ukutshalwa kwemifino eNdiya kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-40 zamaqembu ahlukene. Imifino elandelayo iphakathi kwalezi zigaba: i-solanum, i-Cucurbitaceae, izitshalo ze-leguminous, izitshalo ze-cruciferous (ukolweni), imifino yezimpande, namaqabunga. Ngaphezu kwamatamatisi, u-anyanisi, nama-brinjal, iklabishi, ukholifulawa, okra, kanye nophizi. Kube nenzuzo enkulu ekukhiqizeni kusukela ngo-1991-92, okufinyelele kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-58.5. Ngonyaka ka-2000-01, inani likhule lafinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-93.9. I-Bihar ne-West Bengal yizifundazwe ezikhiqiza amazambane aphezulu kakhulu, zilandelwa yi-Uttar Pradesh. Ngokokukhiqiza, utamatisi ufika endaweni yesibili phakathi kwezitshalo zemifino.
U-Andhra Pradesh uhamba phambili utamatisi umkhiqizi. Ngaphezu kwalezi zifunda, utamatisi utshalwa nase-Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra nase-Orissa. Mayelana nezitshalo zomvini, iBrinjal ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu. Isifunda esikhiqiza kakhulu iBrinjal yiMaharashtra, silandelwa yiBihar. Esinye isimo esikhulayo yiKarnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, ne-Assam kanye neMadhya Pradesh. Izwe lethu likhiqiza inani leklabishi lesine elibaluleke kakhulu. Iklabishi ikhiqizwa kakhulu eNdiya. Isifunda saseWest Bengal singumlimi omkhulu weklabishi. Isifunda sase-Orissa singena endaweni yesibili, kanti i-Bihar ingena endaweni yesithathu. Ngaphezu kweGujarat kanye ne-Assam, lezi ezinye izifundazwe zingabalimi beklabishi abaphawulekayo. Ukwengeza, u-anyanisi, ushibhile, uphizi, ubhontshisi, i-Okra, iklabishi, ukholifulawa, ithanga, ukhamba lwebhodlela, ukhukhamba, iWatermelon, iPalak, iMethi, isanqante kanye neRadish.
Umhlahlandlela Wesinyathelo Ngesinyathelo Wokuqala Ibhizinisi LaseNdiya Lokuthumela Imifino
Enye yezimboni ezithuthukayo esheshayo nenenzuzo kakhulu e-India kube yibhizinisi lemifino ezikhathini zamuva nje. Kunokwanda kwesidingo semifino eqandisiwe emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinga layo eliphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemifino, ama-pickle, Amakhowe, nezinye izimpahla ezifanayo zidingeka kakhulu, zinikeza amathuba amakhulu okutshala imali. I-India sekuyisikhathi eside ibhekwa njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili we-okra kanye ginger futhi ikleliswe endaweni yesibili kuma-Brinjals, Amaklabishi, U-anyanisi, Amazambane, Ukholifulawa, njll. Ngakho, i-India inesimo sezulu esilungele kakhulu ukutshalwa kwemifino. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibekwe ngokwezwe ukuze ijabulele inhlobonhlobo yamathuba okuthekelisa eJapan, Malaysia, Korea, kanye naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
1. Okulandelayo yimihlahlandlela yokuthi uqalise ebhizinisini elithumela imifino kwamanye amazwe: Lapho ubhalisa, inombolo yekhodi yezomnotho yamazwe ngamazwe enezinhlamvu eziyishumi izohlinzekwa kuwe nguMqondisi-Jikelele Wezohwebo Lwangaphandle (i-DGFT) woMnyango Wezohwebo. Bese, ukugcwalisa nokuhambisa ifomu le-ANF2A kuyisinyathelo esilandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzodinga ukuthumela ikhadi le-PAN kanye nemininingwane ye-akhawunti yakho yasebhange, kanye nesitifiketi sebhange esingu-Rs. 1,000. Okokugcina, kufanele ubhalise ne-Export Promotion Council (EPC) kanye nebhodi lempahla ukuze uthumele ngaphandle kwezwe.
2. Thola ukusethwa kwehhovisi: Amahhovisi angaba sezindaweni eziphambili ezinezindlu, izimakethe ezimatasa, noma izindawo zezimboni. Ngisho uziqalele elakho ibhizinisi eliku-inthanethi.
3. Thola Abahlinzeki: Xhumana nabaphakeli baseNdiya ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuxhumana nenxusa laseNdiya noma igumbi lezentengiselwano kungenye yezindlela zokusesha oxhumana nabo phesheya. Ngemva kokuthola imininingwane yokuxhumana, thintana nomphakeli, uzethule, bese nixoxa ngamathuba okuthumela impahla ngaphandle.
4. Amaklayenti okufanele aseshe: Sebenzisa amasevisi akho ukuze uthole abathengisi bangaphandle. Bese, unquma inani ozolikhokhisa ngokusekelwe kulowo oqhudelana naye/abantu kulelo zwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe aphezulu athenga imifino e-India yiSpain, Germany, France, England, Pakistan, neSaudi Arabia.
5. Umthengisi, umsabalalisi, noma usesho olumele kanye nesevisi yokuqasha: I-ejenti esekwe ikhomishini yaphesheya iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuphepha futhi uqhube ibhizinisi lakho ngokushelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungasiza futhi amafemu ochwepheshe noma i-Chamber of Commerce yalelo zwe ukuthola umenzeli othembekile.
6. Ukupakishwa nokuthunyelwa komkhiqizo: Isigaba sokugcina senqubo yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe sesicatshangelwe. Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo udinga ukupakishwa futhi ulebulwe ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe. Enye inketho ukuqasha inkampani yemikhumbi noma umthumeli wempahla.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yemifino emisha eNdiya
Nakuba umnotho wase-India ubhekene nokwehla, isidingo somkhiqizo omusha (umkhiqizo we-premium ngendlela emangalisayo) sizinzile futhi sigxile kakhulu kwezempilo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-E-commerce kanye nokulethwa kokudla kuthathe igalelo kodwa kungenzeka kukhuphuke. Ngakho-ke, kungase kudingeke ukushintsha izindlela zemakethe.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesidingo sezimpahla zabathengi: E-India, imali engenayo iyakhuphuka, futhi ukungalingani kweholo kuphezulu (ama-20% aphezulu athola ama-45%). Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ephathwayo kanye nokungena kwe-inthanethi kukhule kakhulu (ababhalisile abayizigidi ezingama-560, abangama-354). I-Bangalore, i-Hyderabad, ne-Chennai iba ngamadolobha ngokushesha. Njengoba izinhlaka zomphakathi nezinkambiso zishintsha, isidingo semikhiqizo esebenziseka kalula, izinto zeprimiyamu, nezinqamuleli zokwenza izinqumo sizokhula. Ngokungeziwe ezitolo zasendaweni, abathengi baya ngokuya bethenga ku-inthanethi. Nakuba izimpilo ezisheshayo zinomthelela ekufuneni i-nostalgia kanye 'Neyenziwe e-India', ukukhetha okuqondile kakhulu nakho kuyadingeka. Njengoba abathengi abaningi bedla ngaphandle, ukukhetha okunempilo kulindeleke ukuthi kube bucayi kakhulu. Kuyehluka edolobheni nedolobha ukuthi ukuvalwa kohwebo kuthinte kanjani umkhiqizo omusha eNdiya. Amachweba amakhulu e-India aminyene ngenxa yokuthi abangenisi kanye nabasebenzeli bezindlu zentela abakwazi ukukhipha izimpahla zabo isitsha iziteshi zezimpahla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitoreji esibandayo imikhiqizo ingaba nzima ukusabalalisa kubathengi. eyaseNdiya i-apula imakethe ihamba kancane kunokuvamile kulo nyaka, kodwa izindaba zohwebo kulindeleke ukuba zixazululwe, futhi i-Mango isizini izophela kuleli hlobo, okuzoholela emakethe ethuthukisiwe ngoJuni/Julayi. Imikhiqizo ye-citrus iyadingeka ngenxa yezinzuzo engase ilethe emasosheni omzimba.Isikhathi eside, umkhakha kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule kakhulu. Iningi lamaphesenti angu-20 aphezulu eNdiya lihlala emadolobheni amakhulu futhi alizange lithinteke kangako ngenxa yokuwohloka komnotho. Ngakho-ke, asikho isizathu sokulindela ukuthi banciphise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwemali ezintweni zokudla.
Iziteshi zokumaketha nezokuthengisa: Ukuthengiswa kwe-eCommerce kwenyukile (yize ukushoda kwabasebenzi bokulethwa kwezidingo kusaqhubeka), nokupheka kwasekhaya kuye kwanda. Abakhangisi kungenzeka bagxile ekuqinisekiseni impilo, kuyilapho ukupakisha kuzovumelana nezidingo zemizi emincane kanye nemikhiqizo elula (njengezitsha zezithelo ku-SWIGGY). Imodeli yokubhalisa ithola ukuduma. I-Kirana (izitolo ezingomakhelwane) zithole kabusha ukuthandwa kwazo. NgoJulayi, i-Facebook yamemezela ukuthi itshale amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.7 e-India's Reliance Jio Platforms, inkampani yomphakathi enkulu kunazo zonke e-India enomlando weminyaka engu-3.5. I-Facebook icabanga ukuxhumanisa i-WhatsApp (abasebenzisi abayizigidi ezingu-400 e-India) ne-Jio Mart (ibhizinisi elihlanganyelwe phakathi kwe-Jio ne-India yezitolo ezinkulu kunazo zonke, i-Reliance Retail). ukumaketha kunezimakethe zasemakhaya. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye abathengi ngobuningi sebeqalile ukuthenga kubalimi ngokuqondile ukuze bathole izithelo nemifino engaphazamiseki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ENAM (i-electronic national ezolimo imakethe, inkundla yokuhweba nge-elekthronikhi ye-pan-India yabalimi) isetshenziswa ngokwandayo olwazini nangezinkonzo zezolimo (impahla efikayo, ikhwalithi, nezintengo, ukukhokha nge-elekthronikhi ngqo kuma-akhawunti abalimi). Uhulumeni uhlela ukuxhuma zonke izimakethe endaweni onyakeni wezimali wezi-2021-22. Ukwengeza, uMnyango Wezolimo usungule isikhungo socingo ukuze kudambiswe ubunzima kwezokusebenza kwe-Agri, ikakhulukazi ukunyakaza phakathi kwezifundazwe kwemifino nezithelo ezibolayo. Silindele ukuthi eziningi zalezi zinguquko zizohlala futhi zizodala amathuba njengoba abaxhumanisi bazonqanyulwa.
Imishado namadolobha amancane anikeza amathuba okwethula imikhiqizo emisha: E-Madhya Pradesh, amadolobha amancane njenge-Indore (izakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezi-2) athambekele ekungeniseni izithelo. Nokho, ukusakazwa kwendawo kuletha inselele. Ngokwesibonelo, eMumbai nase-Indore, abathengisi bezithelo banobunzima bokugcina izimpahla zabo futhi baye baphoqeleka ukuba bathengise izithelo ezitholakala kalula njengama-apula (aseWashington), amelela amaphesenti angu-60 ezithelo ezithengwa kwamanye amazwe. Uhlelo oluyimpumelelo lokumaketha olugxile ekunambitheni lenze ama-apula ase-Italian abonakala kakhudlwana eNdiya. Ingabe kukhona okungafundwa yiNetherlands?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo samawolintshi, ama-kiwi, amapheya, ama-cherries, kanye ukwatapheya liyakhula. Iningi lezithelo ezintsha zethulwa ngezokuvakasha, ukulima, nemishado. Emadolobheni amancane, amaketanga abandayo kanye nezitolo kudingeka kuthuthukiswe.Ngokwe-Covid19, abanye abalimi baseNdiya bangase bashintshele ezitshalweni zasensimini ezisekelwa uhulumeni esikhathini esifushane esikhundleni semifino. Ngakho-ke, isidingo sehlile sezithelo nemifino enenani eliphakeme (ama-strawberry, basil, iceberg ulethisi, bok choy). Abalimi baphoqeleka ukuthi basebenzise leyo mikhiqizo njenge umquba noma baphakele izinkomo zabo. Ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-supply chain, abalimi bangase babe nobunzima bokuthenga okokufaka kuze kube yilapho imali ethunyelwayo ikhuphuka futhi amanani entengo enyuka (ngisho noma ehla kubathengi).Njengoba ukutshala okuhlanganisiwe kuqhubeka nokukhula, kuzohlinzeka ngezixazululo zokukhula ezimeni ezishisayo. Kodwa-ke, uma kuxhunyaniswa nemikhiqizo ye-premium, izixazululo ezibiza kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi zingenzeka. U-Pascal van ores we-VEK ADVIESGROEP uchaze amathuba okulima amboziwe e-India nezinselele ezifana nokushoda kukagesi ngesikhathi se-FPI. U-Jan DOLDERSUM wakwa-Rijk Zwaan uchaze ukuthi babasekela kanjani abalimi baseNdiya ngokuqeqeshwa, ubuchwepheshe, usizo lokuthumela ngaphandle, kanye nezixhumanisi zokudayisa.
Ukukhiqizwa kwemifino eNdiya
Uma kwenzeka uphuthelwa lokhu: Ungaqala Kanjani Ukutshala Isitsha Semifino.
Ukwanda okuphezulu kakhulu kokukhiqizwa kubonwe kumazambane, isitshalo semifino esisetshenziswa kakhulu, esingaphezu kwamaphesenti ayi-10.55. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, u-anyanini futhi ukukhiqizwa kukatamatisi kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule kancane - Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa konyaka odlule, ukukhiqizwa kuka-anyanisi kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-26.92 MT ngo-2020-21, kanti ukukhiqizwa kukatamatisi kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-21 MT ngo-2020-21, kusuka ku-20.55 MT kulo nyaka. Ngokwezilinganiso, ukukhiqizwa kwemifino okuphelele kwaba ngu-196.27 MT ngo-2013 uma kuqhathaniswa no-188.28 MT ngo-2012. Uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo kulindeleke ukuthi kufike ku-102.76 MT. Ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo kulesi sifunda kukhuphuke ngo-0.68 MT, ngenxa yokwanda kwezithelo ezivelele njengoBhanana, Umango, neJackfruit. Ukukhiqizwa kukakhukhunathi kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzokhuphuka kuye ku-14.63 MT ngo-2020-21 ezifundazweni ezifana ne-Karnataka, West Bengal, ne-Tamil Nadu, okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezitshaliwe kuphelele ku-16.60 MT, kusuka ku-16.12 MT kulo nyaka. Ukwenyuka okucishe kube ngamaphesenti ama-4 ekukhiqizweni kweziqholo nakho kulindeleke ukuthi kube ngo-2020-21, ukusuka ku-10.14 MT ngo-2019-20 kuye ku-10.54 MT. Ama-Chilies (omisiwe), i-cardamom, coriander, Futhi ugaliki kulinganiselwa ukuthi zikhule kakhulu. Nokho, turmeric futhi ikhumini ukukhiqizwa kwehle kakhulu.
Imakethe yemifino engavamile eNdiya
Ngokwezilinganiso, imakethe yemifino yangaphandle yaseNdiya izofinyelela cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-322 ngonyaka ka-2020. Ngo-2026, imboni yezithelo nemifino yaseNdiya kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele cishe amathani angama-metric ayizigidi ezingama-432, ikhula ku-CAGR ka-5% ngaleso sikhathi. Ukwenyuka kwesidingo semikhiqizo yangaphandle kushayela imboni yemifino yangaphandle eNdiya, ekhula ngo-15 kuya ku-20% ngonyaka. Amazinga angeyesibili ngokokukhiqizwa kwezithelo nemifino, kanti iShayina iyimakethe enkulu yabathengi. Emakethe yezithelo nemifino yaseNdiya, imifino yenza ngaphezu kwengxenye yesamba semali engenayo. Kunezindawo ezimbalwa eGoa, ePune, eGurgaon, naseMumbai ezisebenza ngokukhiqiza ukudla. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani ayizigidi ezingu-5,000 ezithelo nemifino evela eNdiya athunyelwa e-Italy minyaka yonke. Iningi lezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwezwe u-anyanisi kanye uphizi oluhlaza, eyithumela eMpumalanga Ephakathi, okuhlanganisa i-United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Kingdom, kanye ne-USA. Imifino ebhekwa njengengavamile yileyo etshalwa kwelinye izwe ngaphandle kwalapho ivela khona. Isibonelo, isiko lamaNdiya alibandakanyi ukudla okuningi okudabuka ezweni, njenge i-broccoliiparsley, kanye okusamathunduluka utamatisi. Nakuba imbewu yabo ithengwa kwamanye amazwe, itshalwa esimweni sezulu esivumayo kanye nesimo sezulu esikahle ezweni. Imakethe yemifino yaseNdiya yangaphandle ihlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo:
- I-broccoli
- Umbila
- I-Capsicum Enemibala
- Abanye
- Inkinobho Yamakhowe
- Utamatisi we-Cherry
- Zucchini
- Ulethisi
- Amazambane Wezingane
- Iklabishi Eliphephuli
Ngokusekelwe emikhakheni, izimboni zihlukaniswe:
- Umkhakha Wezolimo
- Umkhakha Wezezimboni
Iziteshi zokusabalalisa izimakethe zihlukaniswe:
- Online
- Izimakethe/Izitolo ezinkulu
- Kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe
- Ukuthengisa Okungahlelekile
- Abanye
- Ngokusekelwe ezifundeni ezihamba phambili zokutshala imifino eNdiya:
- Uttar Pradesh
- West Bengal
- Madhya Pradesh
- I-Gujarat
- Bihar
- Abanye
Imboni ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine ezinkulu ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuhamba phambili kwemifino:
- Maharashtra
- Bihar
- Uttar Pradesh
- West Bengal
- Madhya Pradesh
- Abanye
Umnotho waseNdiya okhula ngokushesha ushayela imakethe yemifino engavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo eminingi yezolimo nayo ikhiqizwa eNdiya, okunomthelela ekukhuleni kwemakethe. Ukuqinisa imakethe, uhulumeni udale futhi wasebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezimbalwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindlu zezinkampani zikhulise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwazo embonini yemifino yangaphandle njengoba isidingo sikhuphuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhulu zase-India zinikeza izikhuthazo kubatshalizimali, okuhlanganisa nezinqubomgomo ezivumayo zokutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe ekuhwebeni, okuhlanganisa ne-e-commerce, yemikhiqizo yokudla eyenziwe noma ekhiqizwa ezweni. Ingqalasizinda ethuthukisiwe iphinde ikhuthaze ukukhula kwemboni yaseNdiya. Ukukhula okusheshayo ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe kwemifino kukhuthaza ukukhula kwemakethe yemifino engavamile eNdiya. Okusha eziphilayo umkhiqizo nawo ube yinzuzo embonini. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nakho kuzuzile kusizinda esikhulu sokukhiqiza eNdiya. Iqoqo elikhulu labasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kakhulu liqinisekisa ukuthi izwe likhiqiza kakhulu kunalokho elikudlayo. Amapulazi amaningi azosebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni imifino engavamile eminyakeni ezayo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi imboni yezokudla ekhula ngokushesha eNdiya izothuthukisa imboni ukuthi ikhule ngokushesha okukhulu. Imifino engavamile izophinde ithengiswe ku-inthanethi ngamapulatifomu e-e-retail ngesikhathi sokubikezela, okuzosekela ukukhula kwemboni.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana neMakethe Yemifino eNdiya
Kanjani ngalokhu: Ungaqala Kanjani Ukulima Utamatisi eKarnataka.
1. Kukuphi eNdiya lapho imifino eminingi ikhiqizwa khona?
Ngo-2018, i-Uttar Pradesh yaba ngamaphesenti angama-15.4 ayo yonke imifino ekhiqizwa eNdiya. Ngamaphesenti angu-15, umbuso ukleliswe endaweni yesibili.
2. Yiziphi imifino evame ukutshalwa eNdiya?
Amazambane, u-anyanisi, utamatisi, ukholifulawa, iklabishi, ubhontshisi, ama-eggplant, ukhukhamba, u-garlic, ne-okra yimifino etshalwa eNdiya.
3. Lithini izinga lokukhiqizwa kwemifino yaseNdiya?
Izithelo nemifino kukhiqizwa eShayina, okwenza iNdiya ibe umkhiqizi osendaweni yesibili emhlabeni. Ngo-2019-20, i-India yakhiqiza amathani ezithelo ayizigidi ezingama-99.07 kanye namathani emifino ayizigidi eziyi-191.77, ngokusho kwe-National Horticulture Database (Second Advance Estimates) eshicilelwe yiNational Horticulture Board.
4. Iyiphi imifino edume kakhulu eNdiya?
Amazambane ayimifino ethandwa kakhulu e-India, enza u-20% wezindleko zemifino. Kodwa-ke, ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zaseNdiya, u-anyanisi yimifino ethandwa kakhulu, njengoba kwembulwa ngumfanekiso wesihloko sengxenye yonke yaseNdiya ekusetshenzisweni kwemifino.
5. Yiziphi imifino ebiza kakhulu eNdiya?
Imifino Emi-5 Ebiza Kakhulu YaseNdiya.
- I-asparagus.
- UBok Choy.
- Utamatisi we-Cherry.
- I-Zucchini.
- Iparsley.
6. Mangaki amazwe angenisa imifino evela eNdiya?
I-Indonesia, i-Malaysia, i-Argentina, i-Ukraine, ne-United States bekungamazwe angabambisene aphezulu i-India engenisa imifino ngo-2019.
7. Yiziphi imifino yaseNdiya elungele impilo?
- Iklabishi/PATTA GOBHI.
- Ubhontshisi baseFrance.
- Ukholifulawa/ GOBHI.
- Ukhamba olubabayo/Karela.
- I-Fenugreek/METHI.
- Ladyfinger/Okra/Bhindi.
- Isipinashi/Palak.
- I-Ridge gour/TURAI.