Ukwandisa uhla lwezithelo kufanele kwethulwe ekukhiqizeni izitshalo ezibhekwa njengezingavamile. Isibonelo, njenge-actinidia, etshalwa emazweni ase-Asia amakhulu eminyaka. Ngenxa yesakhiwo esintekenteke sezithelo zayo kanye nempilo yeshalofu elinganiselwe ye-actinidia amajikijolo angakabi yisihloko sokutshala izimboni eziningi, kodwa muva nje isimo, kuhlanganise nase-Ukraine, sesiqala ukushintsha. I-Actinidia iya ngokuya ithakasela abantu abangafundanga kuphela kodwa futhi namapulazi angochwepheshe bezolimo.
Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngokwazi ngesimo sezulu esihle e-Ukraine, inkampani yaseFrance iPrimland yanquma ukusungula ukukhiqizwa kwe-actinidia trade brand Nergi, okungeyezinhlobo ze-Actinidia arguta e-Ukraine, okuyisifunda sase-Bilyaiv esifundeni sase-Odessa esifundeni sase-Odessa. amazwe we-Black Sea Alliance. Isivuno sokuqala sokuhlola amajikijolo e-actinidia ase-Ukraine savunwa ngo-2015 - eminyakeni emithathu ngemva kokutshala, futhi ngo-2016, izithelo ze-actinidia zase zingathengwa ezitolo ezinkulu zase-Ukraine. Imikhiqizo yase-Ukraine yethulwe nguMqondisi wakwaPrimland uFrancois Lafitte, ongumtshali-zimali emasimini. Wathi izingadi ezinjalo zikhula ngempumelelo eFrance nakwamanye amazwe aseningizimu yeNtshonalanga Yurophu. Abakhiqizi bomkhiqizo we-Nergi iningi labantu abasha abathanda ukulima komndeni. I-avareji yengadi ye-Nergi ivamise ukuthatha iziza zomhlaba ezilinganiselwe, ezingekho ngaphezu kwehektha elilodwa. Futhi amasimu e-actinidia esifundeni sase-Bilyaiv esifundeni sase-Odessa atholakala endaweni engamahektha angu-1. Ngendlela, lesi yisitshalo sokuqala se-actinidia sezimboni esizovela e-Ukraine.
I-Actinidia evela ku-brand ye-Nergi iyiberry elincane elifana ne-kiwi, kodwa lincane izikhathi eziningi ngosayizi, ngakho libizwa nangokuthi i-kiwi yomntwana. Ingadliwa ngaphandle kokucwecwa. Lesi sitshalo sivunwa ngesandla kusukela ngo-August kuya phakathi no-September. Amajikijolo aqukethe inani elikhulu lamavithamini. Isitshalo esisodwa sinikeza amajikijolo kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-50 kg ngonyaka. I-Actinidia iqhakaza maphakathi noMeyi. Kunezitshalo zesilisa nezinsikazi. Amajikijolo akhula ngamaqoqo kulo lonke ihlobo. Lesi sitshalo sinesimo somvini, ubude bawo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayisi-6, amaqabunga anengcosana.
UMLANDO WEZINHLOBO
I-New Zealand Research Centre ikhiqize i-Actinidia arguta entsha ngokukhethwa kwemvelo, ukuyihlanganisa ngaphansi kohlobo lwe-Nergi. Phakathi nohambo lwakhe oluya eNew Zealand, umqondisi wePrimland uFrancois Lafitte wahlatshwa yileli berry elincane. NgoSepthemba 2016, ngokusekelwa yiBusiness France Agency, kwethulwa izinhlobo ezintsha ze-actinidia e-Kyiv, abalimi base-Ukraine abasanda kuqala ukukhula ngokubambisana nenkampani yaseFrance iPrimland.
Ngo-2017-2020, uMnyango Wezokulima, I-Viticulture, Biology kanye Nekhemistry yase-Odessa State Agrarian University yenza ucwaningo ngezinhlobo ze-actinidia. Isisekelo sokuhlola kwaba ukutshalwa kwe-actinidia ku-LLC “Black Sea Alliance”. Imiphumela yocwaningo ibonise ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo zaseNingizimu-Ntshonalanga Black Sea Coast yase-Ukraine kanye nezimo zezulu ezifanayo zokutshalwa kwe-actinidia kuyasebenza kwezomnotho, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokutshala nokutshala amasimu. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-actinidia TM Nergi kusekelwe ekucacisweni okuqinile okusetshenziswe engadini, endaweni yokupakisha nangesikhathi sokuthunyelwa.
IZINTO ZENKQUBO YOBUCHWEPHESHE
Uhlelo lokutshala i-actinidia emazweni e-LLC "Black Sea Alliance" lwalusezingeni lika-5 x 4 m. Ipulazi linephephadonga nezisekelo. I-actinidia plantation ihlukaniswe ngamaseli amabili. Esitokisini sokuqala endaweni engamahektha ayi-8.25 nasesitokisini sesibili endaweni engu-6.12 ha cultivar ye-actinidia Tahi iyatshalwa, kanti esitokisini sesibili endaweni engamahektha angama-2.1 i-cultivar Isai ikhula. khulile. Izithombo zathengwa enkulisa yaseFrance “Sofuruileg SL”. Ukuthengwa kwezithombo ezingenisiwe kuvunyelwene noMnyango Wenqubomgomo Yezolimo kanye nokudla kwase-Ukraine.
Umbuso wokushisa wendawo uvumela ukukhula kwe-actinidia endaweni evulekile: isamba samazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-10 ° С - 4000-5000 ° С, ubude besikhathi esingenaqhwa - izinsuku ezingu-220-290, ubude besikhathi eside. ubuncane - kufika ku-15 ° С. Ngaphezu kwe-Odesa, i-actinidia ingatshalwa ezifundeni zaseZakarpattia, Mykolaiv naseZaporizhia, lapho izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-10 ° С lifinyelela ku-3000-3400 ° С, nesikhathi esingenaqhwa - izinsuku eziyi-188-196, ubuncane obuphelele - susa. 15-18 ° С. Ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile kwe-actinidia kanye namazinga okushisa omoya afinyelela ku-+25 ° C. Ezinye izinhlobo ezintsha ziyakwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa akhuphukayo ngesikhathi sokukhula kuya ku-+35 ° C kanye nesithwathwa kuya ku -17 ° C ngesikhathi sokulala.
Izibulala-zinambuzane azikasetshenziswa ngoba izitshalo azikabonakali izifo nezinambuzane.
Ebudaleni abasha nabadala, izitshalo ze-actinidia zibekezelela ukufiphazwa kwezihlahla kahle, kepha ngezithelo ezijwayelekile zidinga ukukhanya kwelanga, zikhule kahle ezindaweni ezikhanyisiwe.
Izidingo ezikhethekile zezimo zenhlabathi e-actinidia - i-pH elungile ebangeni lika-4.5-5.5, ukulawulwa okuphezulu; ukunikezwa okwanele komswakama namabhethri ngesilinganiso se-N: P: K - 1: 2: 1; izitshalo zisabela kabi ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kwama-carbonates. I-Actinidia ikhula kahle kakhulu enhlabathini evundile, evundile, evundile kahle enomswakama owanele, ayikubekezeleli izikhukhula futhi isabela kabi emoyeni owomile. Okuthanda umswakama kuphezulu kakhulu, ezimeni ezingachelelwe ukukhula okujwayelekile kanye nezithelo ezinemvula yonyaka okungenani engu-800-1000 mm.
Izitshalo ziqeda ukukhula ngesikhathi ekwindla, izinkuni zamahlumela zivuthwa kahle, okwandisa ukuqina kwazo ebusika. Izitshalo zonyaka owodwa kanye nemibili kufanele zimbozwe ngamaqabunga ebusika.
Ukulungiswa komhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala, uhlelo lokugcinwa kwenhlabathi ngaphambi kokuba amasimu aqale ukuthela
Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza isikhathi esisodwa esijulile sokuthululwa kwenhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala, okunomthelela ekuxegisweni kwenhlabathi ehlangene, kanye nokuchotshozwa nokucekelwa phansi kwezinsalela zezimpande.
Ukutshala, ukulima kuze kufike ku-40 cm ukujula kuyadingeka ngendlela yokuthi ukutshala kungenziwa ngaphambi kwezinyanga ezingu-2-3. Ngemuva kokukhulisa isitshalo, inhlabathi kumele imbozwe ngokuphindwe kabili izikhathi ezi-2. Ngaphambi kokuhlukanisa indawo yokutshala inhlabathi iyalinganiswa, ihlakulwe futhi igoqwe.
Endaweni ye-actinidia, inhlabathi ilinywa ekujuleni kuka-25-30 cm ngokusetshenziswa kokuqala kuka-60-80 t / ha kamanyolo we-organic kanye no-60 kg / ha we-phosphorus kanye ne-potassium noma umanyolo osetshenziswa emgodini ngesikhathi sokutshala.
Ukwakhiwa kwephepha lodonga kanye ne-mesh evikelayo
I-Actinidia itshalwa ezisekelweni, imigqa yakhiwa ngokohlobo lwephepha lodonga "uthango". Izigxobo ezimaphakathi zifakwa ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-8 futhi ilenga ama-tiers ayi-5 ocingo, izintambo ezi-6. I-tier yokuqala ekuphakameni okungama-30 cm yokuchelela nge-drip. Isigaba sesibili singama-60 cm ukuphakama, isigaba sesithathu siphakeme ngo-90 cm, isigaba sesine siphakeme ngo-130 cm, kanti isigaba sesihlanu singu-180 cm ukuphakama. Isigaba sesihlanu sibhanqiwe. Ukuze uthole igridi yokuzivikela, isigxobo sikakhonkolo esiqinisiwe esingamamitha angu-5 sifakwa njalo ngamamitha angu-8.
Ukugcinwa kwenhlabathi nokufakwa kukamanyolo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamasimu amancane
Uhlelo lokugcinwa kwenhlabathi luseceleni. Uhlelo lwempande ye-actinidia lusendaweni engaphezulu yenhlabathi, ngakho phakathi kwemigqa tshala umquba oluhlaza.
Ngonyaka wokuqala wenkathi yokukhula, umquba oluhlaza (i-alfalfa - 4 kg / ha) uhlwanyelwe endaweni engu-17.20 ha, egundwa kabili kusukela onyakeni wesibili wenkathi yokukhula ngaphandle kokuchotshozwa nokulima.
Ukucekela phansi ukhula nokukhulula inhlabathi emigqeni, kukhona ukuxegiswa kwezinhlamvu zesiqu izikhathi ezi-5.
Kusukela ngonyaka wesibili wezitshalo - ukuchelela nge-drip ngesisombululo somanyolo wamaminerali (ammonium sulfate).
Izitshalo zemifino zingatshalwa phakathi kwemigqa yamasimu amancane. Ngesikhathi sezitshalo ezithela izithelo, inhlabathi kufanele igcinwe ngaphansi kwesitimu esihlanzekile futhi iniselwe njengoba yoma.
Umanyolo kufanele usetshenziswe ekwindla ukuze kugezwe. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uhlelo lwempande lwe-actinidia lutholakala kalula, ngakho-ke ngaphansi kwezihlahla udinga ukumba ukujula kuka-10-12 cm ku-0.01 ha kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili yenza ama-quintals angu-2-3 omquba noma i-humus, kanye nomanyolo wamaminerali - ngonyaka : 1.5-2 kg we-ammonium nitrate, 3-4 - superphosphate kanye no-1-1.5 kg kasawoti we-potassium. Ngokukhula okuhle kwezitshalo, kufakwa umanyolo omncane.
Ukutshala nokulungisa
Ukutshala i-actinidia enhlabathini ye-LLC "I-Black Sea Alliance" yenziwa entwasahlobo ka-2012. Ngemva kokulungisa umhlabathi wokutshala, indawo yahlukaniswa yaba yizindawo zokuhlala namakheji, futhi izindawo zemigwaqo zaphawulwa. Isiza sahlukaniswa saba yizindawo ngosizo lwentambo nezintambo ezimbili ezinamamaki. Ngokutshala ngomshini phakathi kwemigqa ye-actinidia kungcono ukutshala ngemigqa engu-3-4 no-2-3 m ngokulandelana. Izisekelo ziyadingeka ukusekela amahlumela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa iphepha lodonga locingo lwamagilebhisi, lapho izitshalo ziboshwe khona ukuze amahlumela asatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo kusithombe sangemuva. Ukuphakama kwawo kufanele kube okungenani amamitha ama-2 ukusuka emigqeni emine yocingo olululwe ezigxotsheni, ephansi igxilwe ekuphakameni okungama-50-60 cm ukusuka emhlabathini, okunye kumabanga alinganayo ukusuka komunye nomunye. Lapho utshala, izitshalo zisikwa zibe ama-3-4 afihlekile, izigaba zivuselelwa, eziphukile ziyasikwa, zikhishwe futhi zicwiliswe obumba obuhlanjululwe.
Ukujula komgodi wokutshala 60 x 60 cm. Emgodini ngamunye ngesikhathi sokutshala yenza inhlabathi evundile, i-10-12 kg ye-humus, i-100-200 g ye-superphosphate. Ungenza ingxube yesoyi nenhlabathi evundile, isihlabathi nomquba. Ngemuva kokutshala, izitshalo ziyaniselwa, bese izimbobo zimbozwa nge-peat, humus, amaqabunga awile noma ezinye izinsalela eziphilayo.
Ukulungiswa kwezithombo zokutshala kwenziwa ezindaweni zokulungiselela.
Ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo, zonke iziphetho ezilimele zezimpande zisikwa endaweni enempilo. Izimpande ezonakele nezibolile zanqunywa ngokuphelele. Ngemva kokuthena, ukuvimbela izimpande ukuthi zingomi ngesikhathi sokutshala, zazicwiliswa kwisisombululo senhlabathi.
Phela umsebenzi wokulungiselela waqala ukutshala. Izithombo zatshalwa endaweni ehlala njalo lapho eneminyaka emibili.
Izitshalo zatshalwa emigodini engu-0.60 x 0.60 m. Ngokushesha ngemva kokutshala, izithombo zaziniselwa ngesilinganiso samalitha angu-15 isitshalo ngasinye. Ngemuva kokutshala, izithombo zithenwa zibe yizicucu ezingu-3-4.
Lapho ukutshala ngaphansi kwesithombo ngasinye kwanezelwa amaphilisi e-Absorbent "MahiMagin" 2, lokhu kusebenza kwandisa ukukhiqiza kwenhlabathi, kuqongelela umswakama nezakhi, kukhuthaza ukuqoqwa nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo, kuthuthukisa umbuso womoya wamanzi kanye nezakhiwo ze-physicochemical. Ukulungiswa kwezitshalo kuhlelwa ngonyaka wokuqala ku-5% wezihlalo. Ukulungiswa kwamasimu e-actinidia ngokutshala kuphumelela kakhulu kuphela emasimini amancane, ngakho-ke ukulungiswa kwenziwa ekwindla yonyaka wokuqala wezitshalo ngenani elingu-1% lezithombo ezitshaliwe.
Ukulungiswa kwamasimu e-actinidia kuhlanganisa ukutshala izitshalo endaweni lapho ziwele khona, esikhundleni sezithombo ezigulayo nezilimele.
Izici zokulawulwa kwezinyosi zempova emasimini okuhweba e-actinidia
Ukuze kutholakale impova kuyadingeka ukutshala izitshalo zesilisa nezinsikazi ngokushintshana: iduna elilodwa nezinsikazi eziyi-10-15 noma umugqa owodwa wezitshalo zesilisa kanye nemigqa emi-5 yabesifazane.
I-Actinidia iyisitshalo se-dioecious, ngakho-ke, izitshalo zabesifazane nabesilisa kufanele zibekwe esizeni. Izimbali zesifazane ku-actinidia zodwa noma ezibhanqiwe; amaduna abekwe amabili - amathathu ku-inflorescence. Bloom ngesikhathi esifanayo, okunikeza impova okuhle. Ukuze uthole izithelo ezitshalweni ezingu-5-10 ezinezimbali zesifazane ezisebenzayo, kuyadingeka ukutshala isitshalo esisodwa ngohlobo lwezimbali zesilisa. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-actinidia ludinga i-pollinator efanelekayo. Ukuphindaphinda kwempova phakathi kwezinhlobo zohlobo ngalunye akwenzeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-actinidia, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nezidleke zezinyosi ezingama-4-6 ku-1 ha yokutshala nezinyosi ukuze kuqinisekiswe impova evamile.
Izitshalo ze-Actinidia ziqala ukuthela ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu ngemuva kokutshala. Ukubekwa nokuhlukaniswa kwama-generative buds kwenzeka ngesisekelo sokukhula konyaka owodwa wobude obuhlukahlukene ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, cishe izinyanga ezi-2 ngaphambi kokuqala kwesigaba sokuqhakaza okugcwele. Ingxenye emaphakathi ye-apex yembali iphenduka ibe i-pistil eyinkimbinkimbi enamakholomu amaningi, ngayinye enendawo yokwamukela evulekile ehlukile. Izimbali ziqala ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya maphakathi noJuni. Ngokwesikhathi sezinhlobonhlobo zezimbali zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-3: 1) ekuqaleni; 2) isilinganiso; 3) ukuqhakaza sekwephuzile. Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo, ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo ze-pistil ne-stamen kungenzeka kanyekanye. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuqinisekiswe impova evamile, izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ze-pistil ne-stamen eziqhakaza ngasikhathi sinye ziyakhethwa. Impova idluliselwa ezimbalini ze-pistil yizinambuzane nomoya.
Izimbali ze-Actinidia zikhipha iphunga elithambile nelithambile, zithululelwa ngokuphelele ama-bumblebees nezinyosi, kodwa azizona izinyosi zoju, ngoba azinawo ama-nectaries. Izinyosi zisebenzisa impova kulezi zimbali njengokudla kwamaprotheni. Isikhathi sokuqhakaza yizinsuku eziyishumi kuya kweziyishumi nambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-actinidia ikhiqiza amahlumela amancane akhula aze afike kumamitha amabili ehlobo. Ngokuqala kwekwindla, ukukhula kwe-liana kuyama, futhi amahlumela akhiwa emahlumela. Izithelo ku-actinidia zigcwele ijusi, zibe nokunambitheka okumnandi nokucebile. Isici esithakazelisayo sezithelo ze-actinidia ukuthi zishintsha iphunga lazo unyaka nonyaka. Ngezinye izikhathi amajikijolo anuka njengephayinaphu, ngezinye izikhathi - i-apula. Isitshalo sinendawo yezinyosi ezingama-120 amakoloni, asetshenziselwa ukuthulisa izimbali ze-actinidia ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza.
I-Ukraine iyisimo sezingadi, lapho kuqhakaza khona impova yezitshalo zezolimo. Ibhilikosi liyaqhakaza kuqala, bese kuba ama cherry, ama cherry. Cishe kanyekanye nabo blooms iplamu ke eliphakathi kwe, izinhlobo zasehlobo of apula, futhi ebusika izinhlobo ukuqedela izimbali zayo. Zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezithelo, ezinezimbali ezithanda ubulili obubili, zifakwe impova. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo zokusanhlamvu zingafakwa impova ngezinhlobonhlobo zazo futhi zinikeze isivuno esincane. Lezi zinhlobo nazo zithela izithelo kangcono kakhulu nge-cross-pollination. I-self-pollination ivinjelwa yisakhiwo sezimbali zabo, izinsuku zokuvuthwa ezihlukene zama-pistils nama-anthers. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impova evela embalini efanayo noma uhlobo olulodwa lwesinye isihlahla ayikuniki ukuvundiswa. Imbali yohlobo lwesithelo ikwazi ukuvundiswa kuphela ngempova yohlobo olubizwa nge-pollinator. Ku-horticulture, ama-pollinator angcono kakhulu aziwa ngezinhlobo ezithile. Lokhu kumele kubhekwe lapho kubekwa izingadi. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobonhlobo eziyinhloko, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwengadi, tshala izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-pollinator. Imiphumela impova kanye isivuno izingadi ngokuyinhloko incike agrotechnology of horticulture, yobudala izihlahla, ukushuba zezimbali, izimo zezulu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi izimbali, futhi impova of izinyosi. Zisembalwa izinambuzane zasendle ezikhiqiza impova kule nkathi yokuqala kwentwasahlobo, futhi indima yazo ekusakazeni impova ayibalulekile. Ama-pollinators amakhulu ezivandeni izinyosi zoju. Ngaphandle kwazo, izihlahla zezithelo azenzi ama-ovari futhi emva kokuqhakaza okuningi cishe azinikezi isivuno esifisayo. Lapho ukugcwala kwezinyosi kuphezulu, izingadi eziqinile zakha ama-ovari awusizo angama-30 - 40%, futhi nge-ovary eqhakaza ngobuningi u-2 - 3% wezimbali unikeza isivuno esikhulu. Izimbali zezinye izinhlobo zinama-anther aseduze, okwenza kube nzima ngezinyosi ukuthola umpe. Lezi zimbali zithuthwa kahle yizinyosi eziqoqa impova. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ukufinyelela kumpe kumahhala. Izinyosi, ukuqoqa it, impova izimbali kancane, futhi amaqanda akhiwa kancane.