Uma uke wabheka umthombo wamandla avuselelekayo - ilanga, umoya, i-geothermal noma enye - njengendlela yokunika amandla ipulazi lakho futhi wanquma ukuthi libiza kakhulu, udinga ukubheka futhi. Amandla okonga imali makhulu kakhulu ukuthi angashaywa indiva, kusho uJim Byrum, umongameli wenhlangano I-Michigan Agri-Business Association.
“Abantu abaningi basemaphandleni bazokutshela ukuthi kubiza kakhulu ngoba bakubuka eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kodwa izinto ziyashintsha futhi zishintsha ngokushesha,” usho kanje.
U-Byrum ukhulume ngesikhathi esithi “Powering Michigan Agriculture with Renewable Energy,” ingqungquthela ebibanjwe muva nje e-East Lansing, eMichigan. Uthe ubuchwepheshe obusha budala amathuba abengekho eminyakeni embalwa edlule, wathi amandla avuselelekayo athengeka kakhulu kunakuqala.
Ekhuluma ngezibalo ze-USDA, u-Byrum uthe amaphesenti angu-30 ezindleko zasepulazini ahlobene namandla. Lokho yizindleko eziguquguqukayo ezingalawulwa. Okuthile okulula njengokushintsha amalambu kungase kwehlise izindleko zakho zamandla ngekota.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulazi ezitshalo nemfuyo, izindawo zokucubungula ukudla kanye neminye imisebenzi yezolimo idinga amandla amaningi ukuze isebenze futhi ibhekwa kakhudlwana kulezi zinsuku mayelana "nokusimama." Izinjongo zeCorporate America zokonga ugesi zizocindezela abahlinzeki bempahla ngamandla amakhulu kunanoma yimuphi umthetho kahulumeni ongawenza, kusho uByrum.
“Bengicabanga ukuthi ukusimama kusho ukuthi kumele wenze imali eyanele ukuze ukwazi ukulima ngonyaka ozayo,” kusho yena. "Leyo ncazelo isishintshile kancane."
Kulezi zinsuku, izakhamuzi zezinkampani zibheka amandla avuselelekayo hhayi njengenketho kodwa njengegunya, futhi eminingi yale mizamo izolandela kubahlinzeki bazo, kuhlanganise nabalimi, esho.
Kodwa kukhona izindaba ezinhle. I-USDA nezinye izinhlelo zikahulumeni zinosizo olutholakalayo lwemiklamo yamandla avuselelekayo epulazini, futhi izindleko zokufakwa kwezinto ezifana nelanga nomoya zehlile. Izinselelo zisekhona, nokho, eMichigan nakwezinye izindawo. Amapulazi amaningi asezindaweni zasemakhaya, lapho ukutholakala kwamandla okulinganiselwe kuye kwakhinyabeza ukukhula, kusho uByrum.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo endaweni yangakini, thintana nenkampani yangakini yamandla kagesi, esho.
"Thina kwezolimo kufanele sixhumane ngempumelelo nezinsiza mayelana nokuthi ziyini izimfuno zethu, nokuthi ayini amathuba ethu," kusho uByrum.
I-Solar
Ken Zebarah, umphathi wezentengiso we Harvest Energy Solutions, wabeka izinzuzo zokuhamba ngamandla elanga. Amandla elanga ashibhile futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu kunakuqala. Uhulumeni unikeza ukwesekwa ngendlela yezibonelelo nezikweletu zentela. Izinsiza zaseMichigan nazo zinikeza izikhuthazo ezahlukahlukene. Uthe umlimi ojwayelekile angabuyisa imali ayitshalile ekuqaleni eminyakeni emine kuya kweyisishiyagalombili.
Amaphaneli amaningi elanga anewaranti yeminyaka engama-25 kuye kwengama-30 futhi adinga ukulungiswa okuncane. Amaphaneli angafakwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo ezibonakalayo, futhi angakala uma ufuna ukwanda esikhathini esizayo, kusho uZebarah.
Ngaphambi kokuhamba ne-solar, noma kunjalo, vumela uchwepheshe ukuthi afunde isikweletu sakho sikagesi futhi ahlaziye imali. Thola ukuthi ingakanani indawo ebonakalayo amaphaneli azothatha, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi izinxephezelo zentela zizokuzuzisa, esho.
Uma usudonse inhlamvu, yonke inqubo - okuhlanganisa amaphepha, ukuthenga, ukufakwa kanye nokuxhumana - kungathatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, kusho uZebarah.
Wind
Steve Harsh, uchwepheshe Wezandiso nge-Michigan State University (MSU), ithe izinhlelo zamandla omoya omncane zinganciphisa izindleko zikagesi wasepulazini, kodwa kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi ungakanani umoya onawo endaweni yakho. Ipulazi lakho lidinga isivinini somoya okungenani esingamamayela ayi-10 kuya kwayi-12 ngehora (kunezinkampani ezingakwazi ukukala isivinini somoya) ukuze zenze umshini womoya ophefumulayo ube nesikhathi sakho, esho.
Ukufaka i-turbine yomoya omncane, kufanele usule izithiyo eziningi zokuphatha: ukuklanywa komasipala kanye nesakhiwo, umshuwalense kanye nokuxhumeka kwegridi, ukubiza ezimbalwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho eyashaywa eMichigan eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule yenza kube lula kakhulu ukuxhuma kugridi yamandla, kusho uHarsh.
Udinga cishe ihektare elingu-1 leturbine yomoya omncane, kanye nokuhlehla olayini bendawo yakho abangaba amahektha angu-1.25 (ama-turbines ayawa, kwezinye izimo). Awufuni izakhiwo eziningi nezihlahla eduze. Futhi mhlawumbe ufuna ukubheka nomakhelwane bakho ngaphambi kokufaka i-turbine, kusho uHarsh.
I-Geothermal
UTimothy Schultz, umongameli weTerra Caloric, efaka izinhlelo ezinkulu ze-geothermal (ukushisa okuvela emhlabeni), kuxoxwe ngendlela eyingxube yelanga/i-geothermal yezindawo zokuhlala zasemaphandleni.
"I-solar ithola ukunakwa konke, kodwa i-geothermal ingenza ilanga libe yi-investimenti ehlakaniphile," kusho u-Schultz.
Ngendlela eyingxubevange, uthinta elangeni nasemhlabeni, udonsa amandla avela phezulu nangaphansi. Ungathola wonke amandla akho ku-geothermal kuphela, kunjalo, kodwa ukuhlasela kanye nezindleko zokufakwa kokuqala bekuhlezi kuyi-Achilles isithende semboni, esho.
"Akekho ongabaza ubuchwepheshe," kusho uSchultz. “Kuvelele. Kodwa kufanele silungise leyo nkinga ewumgogodla.”
Uthe kunemithombo engaba yisigidi eMichigan - insiza enkulu, engasetshenziswanga yamandla avela kumhlaba oshisayo. Uhlelo oluncane lwe-geothermal lungangena kuleyo mithombo futhi lunciphise izindleko zamandla ngesigamu - ingasaphathwa yokusiza imvelo, esho.
I-Anaerobic Digestion
UDana Kirk, umsizi kaprofesa ne-MSU, kuxoxwe ngokugayeka kwe-anaerobic, inqubo yezinto eziphilayo lapho ama-microorganisms ephula izinto ezibolayo. Imikhiqizo yokugcina yokugaya i-anaerobic ihlanganisa i-methane, i-biogas kanye ne-digestate, engasetshenziswa njengomanyolo. I-biogas ingashiswa ukuze ikhiqize ukushisa nogesi, noma ingacutshungulwa ibe yigesi yemvelo kanye nophethiloli wemoto.
U-Kirk uthe kunezigayiga zokudla eziyisikhombisa ezisebenzayo emapulazini aseMichigan, ezigaya ubulongwe obusuka kubisi nezingulube ezibalelwa ku-40,000 futhi zikhiqiza ugesi ophakathi kuka-3.2 no-3.6 wamamegawathi. Ama-digesters anciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngamathani angaba ngu-50,000 metric ngonyaka.
Imboni yobisi yase-US ifuna ukufaka ama-digester angu-1,500 emapulazini obisi ezweni lonke, ngenhloso yokunciphisa i-carbon footprint yokukhiqiza ubisi, esho.
Kuphinde kube nethuba elihle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kokulahlwa kokudla, okunamandla kakhulu kunomquba. IMichigan ikhiqiza okungenani amathani angama-800 kuye kwayi-1,000 XNUMX emfucuza yokudla ngosuku. Uma kugaywa ngendlela ye-anaerobic, leyo mfucumfucu ingakhiqiza amandla amakhulu kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, iphelela epayipini lendle noma elolini elibheke endaweni yokulahla indle, kusho uKirk.
Izitshalo ze-Bioenergy
Izitshalo ze-Bioenergy - lwesinaphi sasempumalanga, i-canola, i-switchgrass, njll. - zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-bioenergy ngendlela yezinto eziqinile (i-biomass) kanye noketshezi (ama-biofuels). Izitshalo ze-Bioenergy ziyithuba lezolimo zaseMichigan, kodwa cishe azizona ezasemapulazini akhiqiza kakhulu. Zingatshalwa emhlabeni oseceleni, nokho - lapho umbuso unensada yawo, kusho Charles Gould, uthisha we-MSU Extension.
UGould ukhulume ngemichilo yebhafa kanye nemicu yokuhlunga bese ehlala ngasemigwaqweni yamanzi. Uthe kunamahektha ayi-17,000 ezindaweni zokudlala zikahulumeni, amahektha angama-5,000 eDetroit nangaphezulu kuka-1,200 eFlint. Kunamakhulu amahektha omhlaba oseceleni ozungeze izikhumulo zezindiza zikamasipala. Kungase kube namahektha angu-9,000 kuya kwangu-12,000 omgwaqo ongakwesokudla womgwaqo esifundazweni. Kepha kunezithiyo zokusebenzisa le mihlaba, uthe, okuhlanganisa nenhlabathi empofu kanye neziphathimandla zikahulumeni kanye nezifundazwe ezimanqikanqika ukuvumela ukufinyelela.
Kunezinye izinselelo zokutshala izitshalo ze-bioenergy. Awekho ama-herbicides abhalisiwe kwabanye, ngakho-ke ukukhululwa kuyadingeka ukulawula ukhula. Kuphinde kube nokushoda kolwazi mayelana nokuthi zingatshalwa kanjani izitshalo ezithile, kanti iMichigan ayinazo izindawo zokucubungula ezanele namaketanga okuhlinzeka, esho.
“Akhona amathuba, kodwa kumele kusetshenzwe ukuze lokhu kwenzeke ngezinga elikhulu,” kusho uGould.
- UMat Milkovich, umhleli ophethe