izinga Good imifino imbewu iwukufaka okubaluleke kakhulu ezolimo. Ukwelashwa kwembewu, ngokwemibandela ebanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwama-ejenti webhayoloji, ngokomzimba, namakhemikhali kanye namasu embewu evikela imbewu nezitshalo futhi ithuthukise ukusungulwa kokunempilo. izitshalo. Kodwa-ke, uma kungaphathwa kahle, izifo nezinambuzane ezithinta izitshalo zingaba nemiphumela elimazayo ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo nokulima. Ake sihlole izindlela zemifino ukwelashwa kwembewu Ngezansi.
Ithini incazelo yokwelashwa kwembewu?
- Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuyizinto eziphilayo, ngokomzimba, kanye namakhemikhali kanye namasu asetshenziswa ezimbewuni ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusungulwa kwezitshalo ezinempilo.
- Kubhekiselwa kusibulala-sikhunta, ukufakwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili ukuze kubulawe amagciwane futhi kubulawe amagciwane ezinambuzaneni ezithwalwa yimbewu noma ezithwalwa umhlabathi kanye nezinambuzane zokugcina. Kuphinde kubhekisele ekuchayekeni kwembewu kumandla elanga, ukucwiliswa emanzini anesimo esimisiwe, njll.
- Isiza ukuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo, okuholela ekusungulweni okuhle kakhulu kwezitshalo ezinempilo neziqinile kanye nesivuno esingcono. Inzuzo yokwelashwa kwembewu ukwandisa ukuhluma nokuqinisekisa ukuvela kwezithombo ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivikela imbewu nezitshalo ezifweni zenkathi yokuqala nezinambuzane, ithuthukise ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo.
- Sekukonke, ukwelashwa kwembewu kuthuthukisa inani lezitshalo kanjalo nokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, i-80% yembewu ezweni lethu ayilashwa, kanti emazweni athuthukile, i-100% yokwelashwa kwembewu iyenziwa. Ukwelashwa kwembewu nakho kuvikela izitshalo ezisafufusa ezinambuzaneni ezimunca.
Iyini inzuzo yokwelashwa kwembewu?
Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuvikela imbewu ezinambuzaneni nasezifweni – Enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwelashwa kwembewu ukuvikela okwengeziwe ekunikezayo imbewu. Phakathi nezigaba zokuqala zokukhula, kubalulekile ukuthi imbewu ingangenwa izifo noma izinambuzane, noma izohluleka ukuhluma. Imbewu enganakiwe nayo inamandla okusabalala izifo zezitshalo ezingavinjelwa uma ziphathwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukungatheleleki kwawo.
Ukwelashwa kwembewu kulawula izinambuzane zomhlabathi – Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuzuzisa imbewu nomhlabathi. Ingakwazi ukulawula izinambuzane zomhlabathi futhi yengeze okubalulekile izakhi kanye nama-microorganisms abalulekile ukusiza ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuthuthukisa ukuhluma – Ukuhluma kwembewu kuncike ezintweni ezihlukene, kodwa ukwelashwa kwembewu kungathuthukisa amathuba okumila. Njengoba ukwelashwa kwembewu kusetshenziswa ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izimbewu, kungakhuthaza ukuhluma kwezitshalo okufanayo. Ukwakhiwa kokwelashwa kwembewu kucacile futhi kuphephile ezitshalweni futhi kwakuklanyelwe ukugwema noma yikuphi ukulimala okungaba khona njengokulibaziseka ukuhluma noma ukuvela okungavamile kanye nomphumela we-phytotoxic uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izithako ezingafanelekile ukusetshenziswa ensimini.
Ukwelashwa kwembewu kusebenza kanjani?
- Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuwumzimba webhayoloji, umbala, isakhiwo, noma ikhemikhali efakwa ngqo enzalweni esiza ukulawula noma yiziphi izinambuzane ezihlasela imbewu, nezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezitshalo kukonke.
- Imbewu esezingeni eliphakeme iwukufaka okubalulekile kokukhiqiza izitshalo. Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuyindlela elula yokulawula izigameko zezinambuzane ekukhiqizeni izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yenza izinjongo ezinjengokuhlwanyela kalula, ukuphula i-dormancy, ukwenza imbewu ibe lukhuni, ukukhulisa ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen, kanye ne-solubilizing phosphorus.
- Ukugcina ikhwalithi yembewu kuncike ezintweni eziningi ezizungezile: umswakama, izinga lokushisa, umswakama, nezimo zokugcina. Nokho, ngisho noma lezi zici zibalwe kahle, izinga lembewu lisengacekelwa phansi ezinye izifo ezithwalwa yimbewu, izinambuzane, nezinye izinambuzane.
Izindlela ezahlukene zokwelapha imbewu yemifino
- Ukwelashwa okomile: Ukuxuba imbewu nezibulala-zinambuzane noma izakhamzimba zibe yimpushana.
- Ukwelashwa okumanzi: Cwilisa imbewu oketshezini lwesibulala-zinambuzane/ingxube yezakhi.
- Ukwelashwa kwe-slurry: Imbewu/izitshalo zicwiliswe odaka. Ukwelashwa kwembewu ngoketshezi noma izixazululo eziwuketshezi. I-slurry ilungiswa ngokuxuba amakhemikhali namanzi. Inani lekhemikhali elidingekayo lifakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo enanini elishiwo lembewu ngaphambi kokuyigaxa. Ukucwilisa imbewu/izitshalo odaka, isb., imbewu yerayisi icwiliswa kudaka lwe-phosphate.
- Ukugqoka imbewu: Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokwelapha imbewu. Imbewu ilungiswa ngendlela eyomile noma iphathwe ngokumanzi nge-slurry noma i-liquid formulation. Ukusetshenziswa kokugqoka kokubili ipulazi kanye nezimboni.
- Ukwelapha uthuli: Ukwelashwa kwembewu ngendlela eyimpuphu yesibulala-sikhunta.
- I-Pelleting: I-Pelleting ivimbela izinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi, izinambuzane, izinyoni namagundane.
- Ukucwilisa imbewu: Kubandakanya ukucwiliswa kwembewu noma ama-propagules ekhambisweni lamakhemikhali isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Isibonelo- ukudipha imbewu i-Dithan M45 ilawula ukubola kwamazambane sekwephuzile.
Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha eziphumelela kakhulu zembewu?
Ziningi izindlela zokwelapha imbewu ezitholakalayo namuhla. Kuye ngezidingo zezitshalo ezithile, abalimi bangase bakhethe inhlanganisela yokwelashwa kwembewu ngamakhemikhali noma ezinto eziphilayo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwelashwa kwembewu.
Ama-fungicides – Imbewu isengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa yisikhunta ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula, kanti ezinye isikhunta kungase kube nzima ukulwa nazo ngokwazo. Ukwelashwa kwembewu ye-fungicide kungabavikela futhi kuvimbele izifo zesikhunta.
Ama-insecticide – Izinambuzane ngesinye isikhalo abalimi okumele bakubhekisise uma bebheka izigaba zokukhula. Izinambuzane eziningi zikhomba imbewu futhi ziyilimaze ngaphambi kokuba imile. Ukwelashwa kwembewu yezibulali zinambuzane kungavikela ezinambuzaneni ezinjalo ngenzuzo eyengeziwe yokugxila okuphansi kwamakhemikhali kunezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ngokugcwele.
Ama-Microbial Inoculants – Imithi yokujova amagciwane ayimikhiqizo yokwelapha imbewu engakhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo, ikhuthaze ukuhlukahluka kwenhlabathi, futhi ibhekane nezinkinga ezithile ezifana nokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen emidumbeni. Iphinde ilethe ama-microorganisms azuzisayo ngokuqondile endaweni lapho isitshalo sihlangana khona nomhlabathi, okukhuthaza ukukhula.
Izilawuli Zokukhula Kwezitshalo - Nge izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, imbewu ithola ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kokuhluma kanye nokubekezelela kangcono ingcindezi phakathi nezigaba ezibalulekile zokukhula. Lokhu kwelashwa kwembewu yokuhluma kuyasiza lapho imbewu kufanele iqhume ezimeni ezinzima.
Umanyolo - Ukwelashwa kwembewu yomanyolo kungolunye uhlobo lokwelashwa kwembewu olusiza izitshalo ukuthi zikhule. Ukwelashwa kwembewu nge ama-biofertilizer ingakhuphula ukuvundisa kahle noma inikeze ama-micronutrients enhlabathini ukuze inothise indawo yokukhula kwembewu.
Kungani kunconywa ukwelashwa kwembewu ezitshalweni zemifino?
Ukwelashwa kwembewu nge-Trichoderma noma i-Pseudomonas kuvikela izitshalo kuma-microorganisms adala izifo. Gcoba indwangu emanzini afudumele imizuzu engu-30 noma ubusuku bonke ngaphambili ukuhlwanyela. Kuzosiza ukusheshisa ukuhluma, ukukhula ngokushesha, nezitshalo ezinempilo. Izinhloso zokwelashwa kwembewu yilezi:
- Indima yayo eyinhloko ukuvikela imbewu ezifweni ezithwala imbewu nasekuhlaselweni yizinambuzane.
- Ukuvuselela imbewu osekunesikhathi eside ingalali.
- Kukhuthazwa ukubekezelela isomiso.
- Ukuhluma kusenesikhathi kusetshenziselwa ukwandisa iphesenti lokuhluma kwezimbewu.
Iyiphi imbewu yemifino okufanele ifakwe emanzini ngaphambi kokutshala?
Uhlu olufushane lwembewu ethanda ukucwiliswa emanzini ngoPeas, Ubhontshisi, Ithanga kanye nezinye I-Winter Squash, I-Chard, Beet, I-Fava Beans, kanye noKhukhamba. Eminye imidiya eya ezimbewuni ezinkulu zemifino ezinamajazi awugqinsi ziyazuza ngokucwiliswa emanzini. Ukucwiliswa kwembewu kunikeza izitshalo zakho isiqalo esihle empilweni yazo. Amanzi athambisa ijazi lembewu futhi anikeze amanzi ngaphakathi kwembewu. Lapho sezicwile, imbewu nezitshalo ezingaphakathi kuzo zisebenzisa umswakama ukuze zikhule futhi zikhiqize ukukhula okusha.
Imbewu yakhiwe izingxenye zezitshalo zezingane ezizungezwe ijazi lembewu. Nakuba izingxenye zangaphakathi zembewu ye-monocot kanye nembewu ye-dicot zihluka, ijazi lembewu livikela isitshalo somntwana kuze kufike isikhathi sokuhluma. Ziqukethe izingxenye ezikhula futhi zibe ukudla kwamaqabunga okuqala neziqu zesitshalo, kanye nokukhula kokuqala. Ngokucwilisa imbewu yemifino, utshela imbewu ukuthi yisikhathi esifanele sokumila futhi sibe isitshalo.
Akulula ukuthola zonke izimbewu. Imbewu encane inganqwabelana ndawonye emanzini futhi kube yiphupho elibi ukusebenza nalo ngemva kwalokho. Imbewu enkulu enembewu emahhadla ngengaphandle ilungele ukucwiliswa ukuze iqalise ukuhluma. Ezinye eziyimbewu eshwabene, njengophizi, zenza kahle kakhulu ngemva kokucwiliswa emanzini. Ngemva kokucwilisa lezi zinhlamvu emanzini, zizogcwala futhi zilungele ukuhlwanyelwa ngokuqondile.
Imuphi umuthi wokukhunta osetshenziswa ekwelapheni imbewu yemifino?
Enye yezinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu isikhunta yokuphatha izifo zesikhunta i-carbendazim, iqembu le-methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) lama-fungicides. Izimo lapho ukwelashwa kwembewu kuyadingeka;
1) Imbewu elimele: Noma yikuphi ukuphuka kwejazi lembewu kunikeza ithuba elihle kakhulu lokuthi ukhunta lungene embewini futhi luyibulale noma luvuse imbewu ewumphumela. Ukulimala komshini kwenzeka ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanganisa nokubhula noma ngokuwa ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Zingaphinde zonakaliswe isimo sezulu noma isitoreji esingalungile.
2) Imbewu egulayo: Imbewu ingangenwa yizifo ezibangelwa izifo ngisho nasekuvuneni noma ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa uma icutshungulwa emshinini onamagciwane noma igcinwe endaweni engcolile. iziqukathi noma izindawo zokugcina izimpahla.
3) Izimo zomhlabathi ezingalungile: Imbewu kwesinye isikhathi itshalwa ezimeni ezingezinhle ezifana nomhlabathi obandayo nomanzi noma owomile kakhulu. Izimo zomhlabathi ezinjalo ezingezinhle zingase zibe ngcono ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlamvu ezithile zesikhunta ezizenza zikwazi ukuhlasela futhi zilimaze imbewu.
4) Imbewu engenazifo: Imbewu ihlale itheleleka ngezifo ezingenayo imiphumela yezomnotho kanye nezomnotho ezinzima. Ukwelashwa kwembewu kunikeza umshwalense omuhle ngokumelene nezifo ezithwalwa umhlabathi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvikela imbewu ebuthakathaka ukuze ikwazi ukumila futhi ikhiqize izithombo.
Uziphatha kanjani imbewu ngaphambi kokutshala?
Gcina imbewu ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu (40-42°C) izinsuku ezingu-1-2 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela.
- Ukutshala imbewu – Cwilisa imbewu amahora angu-4-8 bese womisa futhi ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Imbewu kufanele itshalwe zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-1-2 ngemuva kokuhluma.
- Ukuhluma kwangaphambili – Cwilisa imbewu emanzini amahora angu-12-24 noma kuze kuvele amahlumela amancane ekugcineni kwembewu.
Ukwelapha imbewu yemifino ngaphambi kokutshala kungasiza ekulawuleni izifo ezithwala imbewu. Ukulawulwa kwalezi zifo kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuncipha kwesivuno sezitshalo. Abahlinzeki noma izikhungo zezohwebo ziphatha imbewu ethile ngaphambi kokutshala izitshalo ezitshalwe kabusha noma ukudayiselwa abalimi ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo ezitshalwe ngqo. Imbewu yemifino ingelashwa ukuze ibulale izilokazane ezibanga izifo ngaphakathi noma embewini bese iyivikela lapho itshaliwe. Ukwelashwa ngamanzi ashisayo kungabulala amagciwane amaningi, isikhunta, namagciwane embewu yezitshalo eziningi.
Uthuli lwe-fungicide kanye nama-coatings kungavikela imbewu ezinambuzaneni ezithwala umhlabathi futhi ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziselwa ukulawula izinto eziphilayo ezisenhlanyelweni. Ngezinkinga ezithile zezinambuzane, ama-insecticides angasetshenziswa. Ukwelashwa kwembewu kubalulekile ukulawulwa kwezifo ithuluzi kodwa asebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni nezinye izindlela zokulawula izifo.
Yikuphi ukwelashwa kwembewu okungcono kakhulu?
Kuyitemu elichaza kokubili umkhiqizo kanye nenqubo. Ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo ethile kanye namasu kungathuthukisa indawo yembewu, izithombo, nokukhula kwezitshalo ezisencane. Ubunkimbinkimbi bokwelashwa kwembewu busukela ekugqokeni okuyisisekelo kuye ekuhlanganisweni nasekufakweni kwe-pellets. Izinqubo;
1. Ukugqoka imbewu: Lena indlela evamile yokwelapha imbewu. Imbewu ilungiswa ngendlela eyomile noma iphathwe ngokumanzi nge-slurry noma i-liquid formulation. Ukugqoka kungasetshenziswa kokubili amapulazi nezimboni. Izimbiza zobumba ezishibhile zingase zisetshenziselwe ukuxuba izibulala-zinambuzane nembewu, noma imbewu ingasakazwa eshidini le-polythene, futhi inani elidingekayo lekhemikhali lingafafazwa embewini bese umlimi exutshwa ngomshini.
2. Ukumbozwa kwembewu: I-coating ekhethekile isetshenziswa ngokubunjwa ukuze ihambisane nembewu. Ohlangothini lwezimboni, ukugqoka kudinga ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuphambili.
3. Ukugaywa kwembewu: Ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi bokwelapha imbewu bushintsha isimo somzimba sembewu ukuze kwandiswe i-pellettibility nokubamba. I-Pelleting idinga imishini yohlelo olukhethekile kanye namasu futhi kuwuhlelo olubiza kakhulu.
Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha okufanele zilandelwe ukugcinwa kwembewu?
Izakhiwo zokugcina kufanele zigcinwe kahle, zihlanzwe futhi zibulawe amagciwane. Izakhiwo kufanele zimelane nomthwalo wembewu egciniwe futhi akufanele zivumele ukuthintana/ukushintshana ngaphandle, umoya omanzi, nezakhiwo kufanele kube yindlu/ipulazi kangcono kakhulu. Uma imbewu nayo kufanele iphathwe ngayo igciwane isiko, indlela yokwelashwa kwembewu kufanele kwenziwe kanje
- Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
- Ukwelashwa ngama-insecticides kanye ne-fungicide
- Ukwelashwa okukhethekile
Izinyathelo zokuqapha ekwelashweni kwembewu
- Iningi lemikhiqizo esetshenziswa ekwelapheni imbewu iyingozi kubantu kodwa ingaba yingozi embewini. Kudingeka ukunakekelwa okukhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imbewu eselashwayo ayilokothi isetshenziswe njengokudla komuntu noma kwezilwane. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu okungenzeka, imbewu eselashiwe kufanele ibhalwe ukuthi iyingozi uma isetshenziswa. Isilingo sokusebenzisa imbewu engadayiswanga ukuze idliwe abantu noma isilwane singagwenywa uma kuthathwa ukunakekelwa ukwelapha kuphela inani eliqinisekisiwe lokuthengisa.
- Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukwelapha imbewu ngesilinganiso sokudla esifanele. Ukusebenzisa into eningi kakhulu noma encane kakhulu kungaba yingozi njengokungalashwa. Imbewu enomswakama ophakeme kakhulu isengozini enkulu yokulimala uma iphathwa ngemikhiqizo ethile ewuketshezi.
- Sebenzisa amakhemikhali anconyiwe afanelekile esitshalo, amagciwane kanye nezifo. Sebenzisa umthamo olungile. Amanani aphansi angase anganikezi ukulawula okwanele, kuyilapho amanani aphezulu angase alimaze imbewu. Ngakho-ke, ukwelapha imbewu ngenani elifanele lokudla kufanele futhi kuthathwe. Ukusebenzisa into eningi kakhulu noma encane kakhulu kungaba yingozi njengokungalashwa.
- Imikhiqizo eminingi esetshenziswa ekwelapheni imbewu iyingozi kubantu kodwa ingaba yingozi nasembewu. Kudingeka ukunakekelwa okukhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imbewu eselashwayo ayilokothi isetshenziswe njengokudla komuntu noma kwezilwane.
- Kungakhathalekile umkhiqizo, izingubo zokuzivikela, amagilavu, isishicileli samakhemikhali esigunyaziwe, nezibuko kuyanconywa.
- Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu okungenzeka, imbewu eselashiwe kufanele ibhalwe ukuthi iyingozi uma isetshenziswa. Isilingo sokusebenzisa imbewu engadayiswanga ukuze idliwe abantu noma isilwane singagwenywa uma kuthathwa ukunakekelwa ukwelapha kuphela inani eliqinisekisiwe lokuthengisa.
- Ezinye inhlanganisela yokwelapha imbewu ebulala isikhunta kanye nesibulala-zinambuzane ingaba yingozi embewini. Amalebula kufanele afundwe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuxuba izibulala-zinambuzane namafungicide.
- Imbewu eselashiwe akufanele neze isetshenziswe njengokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okokusebenza okusetshenziselwa ukuthutha okusanhlamvu kumakheshi akufanele kungcoliswe okusanhlamvu okuhlanziwe.
- Imbewu enomswakama ophezulu isengozini yokulimala uma iphathwa ngemikhiqizo ewuketshezi egxilile. Ungalokothi usebenzise amakhemikhali aphelelwe yisikhathi ekwelapheni imbewu.
- Phatha imbewu kuqala ngesibulali sikhunta, bese kuba ngesibulala-zinambuzane, bese ekugcineni nge-rhizobium. Leli lungiselelo kufanele lilandelwe noma nini lapho kutuswa.
Yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswa ngomshini zokwelapha imbewu?
- Ngenani lembewu enkulu, ukukhishwa kwemishini kungafinyelelwa ngokugxoba imbewu ngesihlabathi noma ngokuhlikihla imbewu ku-slab esiqhumayo.
- Zombili lezi zindlela zilula futhi azibizi, futhi ziphumelele.
Iyini inhloso yokwelashwa kwamanzi ashisayo?
Ukwelashwa kwembewu yamanzi ashisayo yindlela eyodwa ongayisebenzisa ukuqeda noma ukunciphisa amagciwane (ikakhulukazi amagciwane) embewu yemifino. Ezinye izinkampani ezikhiqiza imbewu yemifino zivame ukusebenzisa le ndlela (kanye nezinye izindlela eziqinile zokuqeda ukungcola) ukuze kuqedwe amagciwane. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwembewu kungenye indlela engeyona yamakhemikhali esikhundleni sokwelashwa kwe-chlorine yendabuko ukuze kuqedwe amagciwane atholakala ezimbewu. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kunenzuzo eyengeziwe yokubulala amagciwane afana ne utamatisi i-bacterial canker organism etholakala ngaphakathi kwengubo yembewu.
Imithi yokwelapha emanzini ashisayo ilawula izifo eziningi ezitholakala ngembewu emazingeni okushisa ashisa ngokwanele ukubulala okuphilayo kodwa angashisi ngokwanele ukubulala imbewu. Kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela nangokunembile. Ukwelapha ngamanzi ashisayo kungase kube yingozi noma kungenzeki embewu Kaphizi, Ubhontshisi, Ukhukhamba, Ulethisi, Ummbila Omnandi, Ubhitrudi nezinye izitshalo. Izindlela zokwelapha ezinconyiwe zingalimaza ezinye izinhlobo zeklabishi eziyingxube.
Ukwelashwa ngamanzi ashisayo embewu entsha ezingeni lokushisa elinconywayo akufanele kunciphise ukuhluma. Kodwa-ke, hlola iphakethe lembewu ngokucophelela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi inkampani yembewu ayikayiphathi imbewu. Kodwa-ke, hlola iphakethe lembewu ngokucophelela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi inkampani yembewu ayikayiphathi imbewu.
Kungani kubalulekile ukwelashwa okufanele kwembewu yemifino?
Ukwelashwa kwembewu yemifino ngaphambi kokutshala kungasiza ekulawuleni izifo ezithwala imbewu. Ukulawulwa kwalezi zifo kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuncipha kwesivuno sezitshalo. Abahlinzeki noma izikhungo zezohwebo baphatha imbewu ethile ngaphambi kokutshala izitshalo ezitshalwe kabusha noma ukudayiselwa abatshali bezitshalo ezitshalwe ngqo. Noma yikuphi ukwelashwa kwembewu kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwembewu ngendlela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kulezi ezilandelayo:
- Ukuqedwa kwamagciwane athwalwa yimbewu noma ukuvikelwa kumagciwane atholakala emhlabathini,
- Ukuphatha ukulula nokunemba kokutshala (ukunciphisa izikhala zokuma noma isidingo sokunciphisa izitshalo, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa imishini yokutshala) kanye
- Thuthukisa amazinga okuhluma. Imbewu iphathwa ngemithi yokubulala isikhunta ekukhiqizeni okujwayelekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwembewu kanye nezithombo ngenxa yembewu kanye nezifo ezitholakala emhlabathini.
Izinzuzo zokwelashwa kwembewu;
- Ivikela imbewu emilayo nezitshalo emhlabathini kanye namagciwane/izinambuzane.
- Ukwanda kokuhluma kwembewu.
- Ukusungulwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa okufanayo kusenesikhathi.
- Ithuthukisa amaqhuqhuva esitshalweni se-legume.
- Kungcono kunokufakwa kwenhlabathi nezitshalo.
- Ukuma kwezitshalo okufanayo, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezimbi (umswakama ophansi/ophezulu)
Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani?
- Imvamisa, ukwelashwa kwembewu kuzohlala izinsuku eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-14 kuphela ngemuva kokutshala, ngokuphuka kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokushesha kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezifudumele nezimanzi. Kodwa-ke, uma isetshenziswa ngenani eliphakeme kakhulu elilebulwe, ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo zingavikela izitshalo isikhathi eside.
- Ukwelashwa kwembewu kusetshenziselwa ukulawula izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane ezitshalweni eziningi. Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuqinisekisa ukuma okufanayo ngenkathi kuvikela kuma-pathogens atholakala emhlabathini kanye nezinambuzane. Zibhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu ekusungulweni kwesitoko sommbila kangangokuthi cishe yonke imbewu yommbila iyalashwa.
- Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuqede ngempumelelo amagciwane athwalwa yimbewu. Ukwelashwa kwembewu kusetshenziselwa ukucindezela ukubola kwezimpande ezitshalweni ezithile.
- Okokugcina, ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezihleliwe zembewu zinganikeza noma zithathele indawo izifutho zokusakaza zendabuko zama-foliar fungicides noma izibulala-zinambuzane kwezinye izifo zezitshalo zesizini yokuqala nezinambuzane.
Kuyini ukwelashwa kwembewu ekulimeni okuphilayo?
Kuyisigaba esibanzi sokwelashwa okubandakanya amanzi ashisayo, okukhishwe kwebhayoloji nezitshalo, ukukhishwa kwe-bleach, kanye ne-biological (microbes). Lokhu kwelashwa kwembewu kungathuthukisa impilo yembewu kanye nezithombo ngokususa amagciwane embewu enzalweni noma ngokuvikela imbewu ehlumayo ekuhlaselweni amagciwane atholakala emhlabathini.
Inqubo yokwelapha imbewu ye-organic
I-Priming – Imbewu encibilikisiwe imunce amanzi anele ukuncibilikisa ama-germination inhibitors futhi ivule izigaba zokuqala zokuhluma. Imbewu ye-Primed iyisimo sokukhula esimisiwe, ngakho ikhula ngokushesha futhi ngokulinganayo ngaphezulu kwebanga elibanzi lamazinga okushisa, inciphisa amathuba okuthi isitshalo sime sijiye kakhulu noma sizace kakhulu. I-priming ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa nenqubo ye-pelleting ukuze kuvikelwe imbewu ehlutshiwe, eneshelufu elifushane lokuphila.
I-Pelleting – Ijazi lembewu eligoqayo liyimbokodo, imvamisa elobumba elixutshwe lezinye izimpande ezakha usayizi wezinhlamvu ezincane ezingagoqiwe ezifana noLethisi, Izaqathi, kanye no-anyanisi. I-Pelleting iphumela ekubeni kube lula futhi kunembe kakhudlwana ukutshala izithombo ngomshini, kunciphisa izikhala ensimini kanye nesidingo sokunciphisa kanzima.
Ngokufanelekile, i-pellet material iyakwazi ukungena emoyeni futhi idonsa amanzi ngokushesha ukuze i-pellet ihlakazeke ngokushesha ngemva kokufakwa kwamanzi. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokugaya zisebenzisa izinto zokwenziwa ze-inert azivunyelwe eziphilayo sebenzisa. Noma kunjalo, izinto eziningi zokugaya ezisemakethe manje sezivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa emapulazini aphilayo.
Isiphetho
Ukwelashwa kwembewu kudlale futhi kuyaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusungulwa kwezitshalo ezinempilo. Ukwelashwa kwembewu ngamakhemikhali noma yebhayoloji kunganikeza ukuvikeleka okubalulekile esigabeni sokuhluma, ukuvela emhlabathini, futhi phakathi nesigaba sokuqala somjikelezo wezitshalo ukuvikela imbewu kumagciwane athwalwa umhlabathi, izinambuzane ezithwala imbewu, nezifo futhi inganikeza isivikelo esibalulekile. ngokumelene nezinambuzane.
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