Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi amanzi ayadingeka ezimbonini zokukhiqiza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthombo ungowasemaphandleni noma umasipala, amanzi kufanele ahlungwe futhi ahlolwe ukuze aphephe, inkinga ethole ukubonakala okwengeziwe ngenxa yenkinga yomthofu emanzini okuphuza ase-Flint, e-Michigan.
Izikhungo zanamuhla zokuhlanza amanzi aphuzwayo kanye namanzi angcolile zibhekene nenqwaba yezinselelo emzamweni wokuhlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile, aphephile emiphakathini. Isabelomali sikamasipala esincishisiwe, imithetho kahulumeni kanye nesidingo sezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawula ubungozi ezinselele izikhungo nsuku zonke.
U-Robert Gilliam uyi-CEO ye-AquaCycle Management ezinze e-Oklahoma, iqembu elasungulwa ekuqaleni ukuze linikeze izinto zokusebenza eziklanyelwe ukuhlunga amanzi omjovo kusuka ekusebenzeni kokuqhekeka kukawoyela negesi yemvelo futhi iwabuyisele ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo yezolimo. Izigaba ezengeziwe zokuhlunga kanye nezimvume zivumela amanzi ukuthi angene ohlelweni lwamanzi lomphakathi ngokuvunyelwa okuvunyelwe kanye nokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo.
"Ukuhlunga okuningi manje embonini yokucubungula amanzi sekukonke kusebenzisa ulwelwesi kanye/noma izitsha zobumba," esho. "Esimweni sethu, sisebenzisa ingxube yalokhu okubili ukuze sikhulise izinga lamanzi adingekayo/afiswayo, bese u-opharetha wethu engeza i-magnesium, i-selenium noma izithasiselo ezihlukahlukene ukuze enze amanzi esifuna ukuwanikeza umsebenzisi wokugcina."
UGilliam ugcizelela ukuthi amanzi kumele ahlolwe njalo; okusho ukuthi, akukho ukuhluka okuvela kuzivumelwano zokuhlola ezimiswe ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwemishini.
“Lokhu kusekelwe yiziqondiso ezivela kuzo zombili izinhlaka zikahulumeni kanye nezikahulumeni. Noma yiluphi ushintsho lungabonakala ngokushesha bese kubhekwa imbangela yalolu shintsho kulungiswe,” usho kanje. "Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwephaneli eliphelele lezinto eziqinile, i-turbidity, usawoti kanye nokulandela izici ezivela kumapayipi, ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini yangaphakathi, njll."
Amanzi ahlungiwe futhi acutshunguliwe ngaphambi kwanoma yiziphi izithasiselo noma ukulungiswa kufanele abe ngaphakathi kwamazinga amancane okubekezelelana. “Ukuchezuka akukwazi ukuvunyelwa,”
Kusho uGilliam. "Yonke imibhalo kumele igcinwe futhi sincoma ukuthi ishadi ukuze kubonakale izinguquko ezibonwayo ngokushesha."
UMay Wu, umphenyi oyinhloko wokuhlaziywa kokusimama kwamanzi we-Argonne National Laboratory, e-Argonne, e-Illinois, uphawula ukuthi amanzi ayadingeka embonini yokucubungula umkhiqizo. Ukuthi umthombo ungowasemaphandleni noma umasipala, amanzi kufanele ahlungwe futhi ahlolwe ukuze aphephe.
"Izindlela zamanje zokuhlunga amanzi kufanele zikwazi ukuhlunga izinhlayiya ezingafuneki emanzini ngezindleko eziphansi kuye ngesidingo sakho," kusho uWu. “Ezikhungweni zikamasipala izinga lamanzi ligadwa nsuku zonke. Amanzi omthombo akhethwa ngokusekelwe kusethi yeziqondiso. Kanye nezindlela zokubulala amagciwane, amanzi aluhlaza ngemva kokwelashwa angahlangabezana nomthetho we-EPA futhi kufanele aphephe ukuphuzwa futhi asetshenziswe ezimbonini ezikhiqiza umkhiqizo.”
Ngokuqondene nokukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile kamasipala, izinqubo ezijwayelekile zilandelela izingxenye ezimbalwa ezibalulekile emanzini. I-Organics - evezwa njengesidingo se-oxygen ye-biological (BOD), isidingo samakhemikhali womoya-mpilo (COD) kanye nezinto eziqinile - ngokuvamile zihlolwa ngaphambi kokukhishwa.
“Ezikhungweni zokwelapha eziphakeme, i-nitrate ne-phosphorus kuncipha kakhulu,” kusho uWu. “Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi angcolile kamasipala ukukhiqiza kulawulwa uhulumeni wesifundazwe. Ngokuvamile, ukwelapha okuphakeme kwamanzi angcolile kuyengezwa futhi kubulawe amagciwane ukuze kukhiqizwe amanzi abuyiselwe, angasetshenziswa njengamanye amanzi.”
Indlela entsha yokuhlunga ubuchwepheshe be-forward osmosis (FO), obunconywe ochwepheshe bamanzi angcolile muva nje. I-FO ingakwazi ukuhlunga uhla olufanayo lwezinhlayiya njengoba kwenza i-osmosis ehlehlayo (RO), ngezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza.
“Obunye ubuchwepheshe obusha abusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziphakela amanzi/zokwelapha ngenxa yokuthi zibiza izindleko (okungukuthi ulwelwesi lwe-ceramic, nakuba lunikeza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu futhi lukwazi ukumelana nokungcola) noma lusesigabeni sokuthuthuka (okungukuthi ulwelwesi olusekelwe ku-nano),” Kusho uWu.
I-Accu-Tab/Axiall ingumkhiqizi we-Accu-Tab tablet chlorination system, ehlanganisa ama-chlorinator aklanywe ngokukhethekile nokukhishwa okulawulwayo okungamaphesenti angu-68 amathebhu e-calcium hypochlorite angu-3-intshi ukuze ilethe izinsalela ze-chorine ezingaguquki nezilawulekayo.
Ngokusho kwewebhusayithi yenkampani, uhlelo lwe-Accu-Tab lunciphisa ingozi yokuvuza futhi aludingi izinhlelo zokuphepha ezibizayo - amagilavu enjoloba kanye nezibuko zokuphepha kuyadingeka ukuze kuphathwe lawa maphilisi.
Uhlelo lwe-Accu-Tab lusetshenziswa ezicelweni zamanzi okuphuza zokwelashwa okuyisisekelo noma iziteshi zokuqinisa ezikude.
I-FSMA nokuhlunga
Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi aluhlaza kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba kukhethwe umthombo wamanzi, njengendlela evamile yobunjiniyela. Amakhemikhali ahloliwe manje ahlanganisa izinto eziphilayo, okuqinile, amagciwane, izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-carcinogens, njll.
"Ukwelashwa okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuhlunga, ukukhipha amagciwane (i-chlorination, i-PAA, i-UV, njll.)," kusho u-Wu. “Kungase kudingeke ukwelashwa okukhethekile ukuze kukhishwe izinsimbi ezithile ezisindayo, ama-carcinogens nokunye. Ngokuvamile, amanzi aqukethe izinga eliphezulu lala makhemikhali awanconywa ukuthi asetshenziswe njengomthombo wemisebenzi yamanzi. Umgomo ofanayo uyasebenza embonini yokukhiqiza.”
The Umthetho Wesimanje Wokuphepha Kokudla idlala indima yokuqinisa izinga lobunjiniyela eliphezulu. Kuzokwengeza ingcindezi kuma-ejensi alawulayo.
Okudingayo ukwazi
Lapho kuhlolwa amanzi, okudingeka kwenziwe kuhlukile ohlotsheni ngalunye lwamanzi. Uma ukukhathazeka kungamanzi okuphuza, ukuhlolwa kufaka i-pH yamanzi, i-turbidity, i-nitrate, izinsimbi ezisindayo, i-organics nezinye izinto ezingaphili. Uhulumeni wasekhaya kufanele akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi olunjalo lokuhlola njalo (ngekota noma ngenyanga).
"Ngokwesibonelo, iDuPage County ikhipha imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwamanzi kampompi ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi iphelele," kusho uWu. "Umbiko wekhwalithi yamanzi uhlanganisa inani lokuhlola, umkhawulo ophezulu ovumelekile ojwayelekile, futhi uma weqa noma ungaphansi komkhawulo ophezulu."
Amalebhu emvelo azimele anekhono lokuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi ngentengo efanelekile. Ukuhlolwa kungabuya lingakapheli iviki.
Ama-ejensi kamasipala
Iningi lama-ejensi kamasipala lihlola amanzi azo ngokuthatha amasampula phakathi kokukodwa noma kathathu ngosuku ukuze kutholakale ukungcola okuhlukahlukene, futhi ochwepheshe bezimboni batusa ukuthi bonke basebenzise izimiso ezifanayo ezikhona namaqembu endawo okuphatha amanzi.
"Ezinye izinhlaka zikamasipala zihlola amanzi ngokuqhubekayo, futhi uma lokho kuwumgomo ojwayelekile, lokho kuyinqubo efanayo nesiyilandelayo," kusho uGilliam. “Ngokuvamile amanzi akhiqizwa ngemishini yethu azokweqa izinga elibekwe amabhodi amanzi kamasipala wendawo noma izifunda. Uma kunjalo, ngokuvamile kuwukuhlakanipha ukuhlangana nalezi zinhlangano futhi unqume ukuthi ziyakwazi yini ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso, futhi uma kungenjalo, zisize iziphathimandla zendawo zithole izindlela zokufinyelela izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe.”
- Keith Loria, VGN intatheli