Ukuniselwa kwezitshalo zemifino kunomlando omude, okuqhutshwa iqiniso lokuthi amanzi awumthombo ongenamkhawulo. Ukugcizelelwa kokuba nenani elifanele lamanzi ukuze kukhule ngempumelelo izitshalo kuyaqhubeka nokukhula.
Ngokusho kwe-Fairfax, eseVirginia Inhlangano Yokunisela, ukuchelela kwaqala ngo-6000 BC. Kwaqala cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo e-Egypt naseMesophothamiya (i-Iraq yanamuhla nase-Iran), kusetshenziswa amanzi emfucumfucu yeNayile noma iTigris/Euphrates. Amanzi ezikhukhula, aqala ngo-July kuya ku-December, adluliselwa emasimini izinsuku ezingu-40 kuya kwezingu-60. Amanzi abe esephindiselwa emfuleni ngesikhathi esifanele emjikelezweni wokukhula.
Ngo-1800 AD, umhlaba oniswa ngenkasa emhlabeni wonke wafinyelela cishe kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-20. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa namahektha alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-600 namuhla.
Amandla okuchelela okufafaza okuphathekayo ekukhiqizeni izitshalo aqashelwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. I-catalyst kwaba ukutholakala okwandayo kwe-aluminium. Insimbi engasindi yaqala ukushintsha amashubhu ensimbi esindayo kanye nezinto ezifakwayo ezenziwe ngensimbi noma ngensimbi.
Ukubaluleka kwe-aluminium kubonakala ezibalweni zalesi sikhathi. Izibalo zikahulumeni wase-US zembula ukuthi amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-1.25 amashubhu afakwa e-United States ngo-1946. Ngo-1955, inani lase likhuphuke lafinyelela kumaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-50.
Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokunisela: indawo engaphezulu (izikhukhula kanye nemisele); isifafazi; ukuconsa; kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi. Izindlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu zivame ukulahlekelwa amanzi amaningi ngenxa yokuhwamuka, futhi bezilokhu zehla ekudumeni amashumi eminyaka ambalwa njengoba amasistimu wokuconsa athatha indawo yawo.
Umhlaba wemifino ubone ushintsho ekuniseleni ngamaconsi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule.
Ukuchelela ngamaconsi (okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi yi-trickle, noma i-micro- irrigation) kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nomanyolo okulawulwa kahle ngokuvumela amanzi aconse kancane eduze kwezimpande zezitshalo ngoxhaxha lwamavalvu, amapayipi, amashubhu kanye ne-emitters. I-Plasticculture ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kokunisela ngamaconsi, i-polyethylene mulch kanye nemibhede ephakanyisiwe. Ukukhiqiza okukhulu kanye nokushesha kungase kuzuzwe ekukhiqizeni imifino ngokuhlanganisa i-plasticculture kanye nokusetshenziswa kokufakelwa, ngokusho kochwepheshe bezimboni.
“Abalimi abaningi bemifino engisebenza nabo banohlobo oluthile lokunisela,” kusho Ron Goldy, uthisha omkhulu we-Extension eMichigan State University.
I-Goldy iqalile futhi isebenza I-Southwest Michigan Irrigation Network, uhlelo lokuqapha umswakama wenhlabathi olukhokhelwayo olunikeza abalimi ukufundwa kwamasonto onke kanye nezeluleko mayelana nokuchelela.
“Ngokuya ngesivuno, abaningi baye bayoconsa,” kusho uGoldy. “Ezinye izilimo azibolekisi ngokuconsa, okufana nommbila, izaqathe, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, u-anyanisi, ubhontshisi, amazambane, ukhukhamba, uphizi nokunye okutshalwe ezindaweni eziminyene kakhulu.”
Ezinye izinzuzo ezinikezwa ama-drip systems, ngokusho kukaGoldy, zifaka:
- Ama-drip irrigators nawo asebenzisa imigqa yokuconsa ukuvundisa
- Itheyiphu evala ingcindezi ivumele ukusetshenziswa kokuconsa ezindaweni ezinamagquma
- I-Drip ingcono kakhulu uma kuziwa ekuphepheni kokudla
- I-Drip ihlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa kahle kwamanzi nezakhamzimba
- I-Drip ingasebenza ngomfutho ophansi kanye nevolumu, ngakho-ke ingcono kulabo abanomthombo ophansi
- I-drip inciphisa umfutho wezifo ngokungamanzisi amaqabunga nezithelo
- Abalimi banganisela nge-drip futhi baqhubeke neminye imisebenzi yasensimini
- I-Drip kulula ukuzenzela
"Ukunisela ngenkasa kungenye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokunciphisa ingozi ezitshalweni zenani eliphezulu, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphakeme zamanzi njengeMichigan," kusho uGoldy. “Ngingakhuthaza wonke umlimi wemifino enenani eliphezulu ukuthi anisele ngandlela thize, okungcono kakhulu nge-drip.”
Ucwaningo lwezindlela zokuchelela eCalifornia ngo I-American Society of Civil engineers iqoqe ulwazi ngezindlela ezisetshenziswa abalimi ukuchelela izitshalo zabo ngo-2010. Imiphumela yaqhathaniswa nezinhlolovo zangaphambili zokuhlola izitayela.
Ngokwalokho okutholakele, kusukela ngo-1972 kuya ku-2010 indawo etshaliwe inyuke isuka kumaphesenti ayi-15 yaya kumaphesenti angama-30 ezinsimu zezithelo futhi isuka kumaphesenti ayisi-6 kuye kwayi-15 ngezivini. Indawo etshalwe imifino isamile imile, kanti leyo etshalwe ezindaweni ezitshaliwe yehlile isuka kumaphesenti angama-67 yaya ku-41 wendawo eniselwayo. Umhlaba oniselwe ngenkasa ngevolumu ephansi (i-drip kanye ne-micro-sprinkler) ukhuphuke cishe ngamaphesenti angama-38, kanti indawo eniselwe ngezindlela ezingaphezulu kwehle cishe ngamaphesenti angama-37.
Ngokuvumelana ne USDA, naphezu kwethemba lokucwiliswa kwamanzi okuvela ku-El Niño, abalimi baseCalifornia babhekene nomunye unyaka wesomiso ngo-2016. Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka emine yesomiso esibi kakhulu emlandweni, ukukhiqizwa kwepulazi laseCalifornia kwaba irekhodi lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-54 ngo-2015, okuhlanganisa ngaphezu kwengxenye yezwe lonke. umkhiqizo omusha. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asize ukunxephezela ukuntuleka kwemvula eCalifornia, kodwa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angeke akwazi ukuqhubeka unomphela.
Abalimi baseCalifornia baye basabela esomiso ngokuwisa umhlabathi; ukushintshela ezitshalweni ezikhiqiza inani eliphakeme ngeyunithi ngayinye yamanzi; kanye nokushintsha ubuchwepheshe bokunisela. Cishe yonke indawo yaseCalifornia iyaniselwa, ngakho ukuqhubeka kwentuthuko ekusebenzeni kahle kokunisela kuyisihluthulelo sokumelana nesomiso.
Ukukhiqiza, ukusebenza kahle
David Zoldoske, umqondisi we I-Center for Irrigation Technology (CIT) eCalifornia State University, eFresno, useneminyaka engama-35 esebenza nabalimi ezindabeni zokunisela.
I-CIT yasungulwa ngo-1980, kulandela esinye sesomiso esibi kakhulu emlandweni waseCalifornia (ngaphambi kwalesi samanje) ngo-1976-77.
UZoldoske uthe isishayamthetho sezwe sizimisele ukwenza okwengeziwe ukulungisa izindlela zokunisela eCalifornia, njengoba nje ukuchelela nge-drip sekuza ngokwako. Lesi sikhungo sithuthukise umsebenzi waso ngelebhu yokuhlola kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yokunisela.
“Sesike sahamba phambili ekuhlolweni kwemishini yokuchelela eminyakeni engu-35 edlule,” esho.
“Sisebenzisana nama-drip emitters, drip tape ekulinyweni kwemifino, futhi senza ucwaningo oluningi nokuqeqeshwa ukuze sithathe esikufundayo sikuhlanganyele nabalimi,” usho kanje. “Sesikhule ngendlela yokuthi manje sesigqugquzela ukusungulwa kwezinkampani nemikhiqizo yenkasa.”
UZoldoske ukhumbula izinsuku ngaphambi kobuchwepheshe be-drip lapho “zonke izinto zaziniselwa ngezifafazi. Imifino yayitshalwa isikhathi eside ngama-sprinklers. I-Precision Agriculture ikushintshile konke lokho.”
Uthe izinselelo zokuqala kusetshenziswa i-drip kubalwa ukuthola ukujula kokusebenza kwayo kanye nokuthi uhlelo luzoluyeka isikhathi esingakanani lusebenza. Ukusebenza ngosayizi wezimbobo kuma-emitters nokugcina ama-insecticide ekulimazeni i-drip tape nakho kuhlangatshezwane nayo.
"Ubuchwepheshe busivumele ukuba sithuthukise kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwethu nokusebenza kahle ngokusetshenziswa kwe-drip tape ekukhiqizeni imifino," kusho uZoldoske.
Wabona ukungabaza kubalimi ababenethezekile ngokuchelela nge-sprinkler, ngaphambi kokuba baqonde indlela yokusebenza eduze kwepulasitiki yokutshala nokuvuna.
“Nge-drip, singawaphatha kahle amanzi afakiwe kanye nomanyolo ngokujwayelekile,” kusho yena. "Kunokuqonda okuhle kokuphathwa kokujula, ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki angcono kanye nama-emitters ukuze uthole izinga lokugeleza elifanele kanye nesikhala ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlunga okuthuthukisiwe."
Uthe ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones okuzwa kude kunikeza umbono ongcono wokuphumelela kokuchelela ensimini.
“Singakwazi ukubona izindawo ezivuzayo, izitshalo ezingaphansi kwengcindezi bese sibona kusenesikhathi lapho esingase sibe nenkinga khona ngokunisela, ukuvunda, inhlabathi nezimbungulu. Ingasiza ekulungiseni izinkinga ngesikhathi sokukhula futhi ikunikeze lolo lwazi kusenesikhathi.”
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, uZoldoske wayehileleke emsebenzini owawusebenzisa izinzwa ukuqapha inkomba yemifino yamasimu amakhulu amakhabe.
“Ngesonto noma izinsuku eziyi-10 uphumile, ungabheka izindawo ezahlukahlukene ensimini ngeqiniso elithile bese uphuma ulinganise isivuno nobukhulu bomkhiqizo. Lokhu kwasiza abantu abathengisa insimu ngaphambi kokuba ivunwe. Olunye lwalolu lwazi esinganikezwa sasilwazi eminyakeni engu-15 kuya kwengu-20 edlule.”
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha “kube inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo,” esho. “Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu oyedwa wenza lokho akusho ukuthi kujwayeleke kakhulu. Siyaqala ukubona abalimi bejova umoya emigqeni yokuconsa, futhi kuyasiza ngokungena kwamanzi endaweni eyimpande okuholela ekuvunweni okwandisiwe. Sibone ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-15 amakhabe athengiswayo kule minyaka emihlanu edlule.”
UZoldoske uthe abalimi basebenzisa izindlela zokuphatha zokungalimi noma zokungalimi, “ngakho inhlabathi ayilinywa kakhulu. Lokho kuzoba nezinzuzo kukho kokubili izindleko kanye nokugcizelela empilweni yenhlabathi. Abantu banake kakhulu ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi inhlabathi inempilo ngangokunokwenzeka. Abanye batshala imifino enosawoti omningi kuyo, okwenza enye yaleyo nhlabathi isuke ezitshalweni ezingezwani nenhlabathi.”
Uthe ukushoda kwezisebenzi kusaqhubeka nokuba yinkinga, ikakhulukazi njengoba kudingeka abasebenzi abanamakhono ukuze baqonde futhi basebenzise amathuluzi akamuva ezobuchwepheshe.
“Udinga umsebenzi omncane kodwa onamakhono amaningi ngokuchelela ngamaconsi kunasezifafazi,” usho kanje. “Ubujwayele ukunyakazisa ama-sprinklers. Manje sekunolunye ulwazi. Konke ukuxhumana okungenantambo kube inzuzo enkulu. Ikunikeza ulwazi mayelana nezingcindezi zokunisela nokugeleza, isimo somswakama wenhlabathi, kanye nokufundwa komoya namanzi.
“Abalimi namuhla banedatha eyengeziwe ezandleni zabo ukuze benze izinqumo. Ukuqhubekela phambili, sizobona imininingwane eminingi iqoqwa ensimini njalo, iqhutshwa nge-iPhone noma okuthile. "
Indlela esebenzayo ye-Drip
John Nye, umongameli kanye nomsunguli we-St. Joseph, Michigan-based I-Trickl-eez, useneminyaka engaphezu kuka-40 ehlanganyela ebhizinisini lokunisela. Usebenze nomlimi uJim Demski, omunye wabalimi bokuqala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMichigan ukusebenzisa i-drip.
"Bebetshala utamatisi isikhathi eside ngokuchelela nge-sprinkler phezu kwabo," kusho uNye. “Okungenzeka ukuthi bebezoba nezibazi ezithile kubo. Ubelokhu etshala utamatisi isikhathi eside - iminyaka eyi-15 noma ngaphezulu. Wayemane eshintsha amadola, engenzi mali. Wayejabule ngamathemba emibhede ephakanyisiwe, ifilimu, ipulasitiki yokudonsa, amanzi okuphakela kanye nezakhamzimba kuleso simiso. Kwakuyisinyathelo esikhulu ukwenza lokho ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokho kwakuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza.
“Ngisebenze emikhakheni eminingi. Ukukhiqiza kwakhe kusendaweni eyisicaba, wayethola amabhokisi angaba ngu-700 katamatisi onguNo. 1 ehektheni. Lapho eguqulela emibhedeni ephakanyisiwe, esebenzisa ifilimu, isivuno saya kumabhishi ayi-1,500 ku-acre. Uphinde waphinda kabili isivuno kanye nezinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Akakwazanga ukuhambisana nemiyalo. Abanye abalimi endaweni bayibona futhi bafuna ukuyisebenzisa.
"(I-Drip) iyasebenza kupelepele, isitshalo seqanda nezinye izitshalo zemifino ehlukahlukene," kusho yena. “Manje wonke umuntu osembonini yemifino ngaphandle kwasemhlabathini odaka usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe. Ngokuvunwa kukatamatisi wamabhokisi angaphezu kuka-2,000 ihektare, yindaba ejabulisa kakhulu.”
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-drip kusizwe ukubhobhoza kwekhwalithi engcono nokwazi okwengeziwe ngokuphakela izakhi, kusho uNye.
“Kube yinguquko kancane – into ethokozisayo. Wonke umuntu osembonini uye kuyona futhi akaphindanga wabuyela emuva, uma esebonile ukuthi kungaba kuhle kangakanani.”
UNye uthe kukhona abalimi abangafuni ukufaka ama-drip kusenesikhathi.
“Kubonakale kuyizindleko ezinkulu – kuningi okumele kushintshwe. Kwabayizamile imiklomelo ibikhona futhi imboni yonke isiwele emgqeni. Kuwutshalomali impela lwezindleko ekwenzeni lokhu. Ukukhiqizwa kanye nekhwalithi kuphezulu kakhulu, nezindleko eziphansi zeyunithi ngayinye ekugcineni. "
Uthe ukuthuthukiswa kwamashubhu kukwenze “kwathembeka ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuthi kuxhunywe. Isebenza ngendlela esiyifunayo. Kuyinto eqinisekile uma abalimi befaka ukuhlunga okulungile futhi balandele esikwaziyo ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani. Ilungisiwe futhi yathuthukiswa. Manje uhlelo seluthembeke kakhulu futhi lusetshenziswa kabanzi umlimi omusha angaqala phakathi futhi angaqonda kalula futhi athuthukise (uhlelo) futhi azisebenzisele lona. Kube ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwangempela.”
Ngezinhlelo ezintsha, abalimi bavula futhi bavale amaphampu ngomakhalekhukhwini, futhi bayakwazi ukuqapha ukuthi imijovo yokugeleza kanye nomanyolo yenzani.
“Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bungabheka uma kuvela isiphepho semvula futhi nocingo lungasetshenziswa ukucisha uhlelo – futhi ungakwenza ukude,” kusho uNye.
UNye uthe intuthuko elandelayo ebalulekile kuzoba izinqubo ezisabalele zokuphinda zisetshenziswe ukuze “siphinde sisebenzise izinto esizikhiphayo futhi sizisebenzise kabusha.”
Umlando wezinzuzo
UPhil DeMarco waseHamonton, eNew Jersey, owayeyilungu lebhodi leNhlangano Yenkasa oseneminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ehlanganyela emsebenzini wokunisela, wazalelwa futhi wakhulela epulazini eliseningizimu yeNew Jersey. Wabona ukusetshenziswa kwasekuqaleni kwezindlela zokunisela ze-aluminium eziphathwayo, ezinyakaziswa ngesandla epulazini likayise lemifino elaqala ukusebenza ngeminyaka yawo-1940.
"Bebevame ukuzenzela izinto," kusho uDeMarco. “Amaphampu akhiwe embonini aqala kule ndawo ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II. Amasistimu ohlobo lwamawintshi amanzi aqala ukusetshenziswa cishe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970. Lapho ngisakaza imishini yokunisela ngo-1975, kwakunamanye amayunithi aphathwayo, kodwa ikakhulukazi sasizakhela amaphampu ethu kadizili asezingeni eliphezulu futhi siwadayisa nge-PVC engaphansi komhlaba. Indawo yemifino eVineland, eNew Jersey, isasebenzisa i-aluminiyamu ehamba ngesandla. Kuwukuphela kwendawo osabona amapulazi amancane anamahektha ayi-8 kuya kwayi-10 ayisebenzisayo.
“I-Drip isithathe indawo yemifino,” kusho yena. “Yonga abasebenzi, iyonga, amanzi awamoshi, amanzi usebenzisa endaweni ebekiwe kuphela. Futhi uyibeka ngaphansi, kanye nesitshalo ngaphansi kwepulasitiki. Batshala utamatisi, imifino nakho konke. Ummbila oswiti usebenzisa ngisho i-drip encane – kodwa uyisitshalo esikhula ngokushesha.”
“Kukhona imali eyongayo ebonakala ifaka i-drip irrigation, kanti wena awubheki imishini namapayipi. Ayenzi lutho ngaphandle kokuqala iphampu noma ukuvula ivalvu. Kwenze umehluko omkhulu. Ngokushesha nje lapho (abalimi) bebona okuthile kukhuphuka ngomgwaqo, into entsha, bagxumela kuyo.”
Uthe i-Southern New Jersey ayinayo inkinga yokutholakala kwamanzi ebonakala kwezinye izindawo zezwe.
- Gary Pullano, umhleli ohlangene