Iningi lethu lidla uhlobo oluthile lwezitshalo ezikhethekile nsuku zonke. Noma ngabe udla izithelo nemifino yakho, noma usebenzisa izinongo ezithile ukusiza ukuqeda leso sidlo esihle kakhulu, usebenzisa izitshalo ezikhethekile.
Naphezu kokusabalala kwezitshalo ezikhethekile - kanye neqiniso lokuthi njengamanje inenani lemakethe lama- $79.8 billion (okuhlanganisa ngaphezu kuka-16% wesamba somkhiqizo wezolimo) - ngokuvamile le ngxenye yezolimo ayinakwa.
Kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani. “Izilimo eziyisipesheli” yigama elibanzi uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi elihlanganisa izinto eziningi ezahlukene. NgokoMthethosivivinywa Wezolimo ka-2004, kuchazwa izitshalo ezikhethekile “njengezithelo nemifino, amantongomane ezihlahla, izithelo ezomisiwe, i-horticulture, nezitshalo zasenkulisa (kuhlanganise ne-floriculture).” Ngisho nale ncazelo ibanzi, uma kubhekwa ukuthi imikhiqizo eminingi ehlukene ingawela ngaphansi “kwezithelo” kanye “nemifino.” Futhi ngokuvamile, uma sikhuluma ngezolimo, ukugxila kuzithola kuhloswe kakhulu ezitshalweni ezilandelanayo noma ezolimo zezilwane. Ngenkathi izitshalo zomugqa zenza izitshalo ezimbalwa ezikhethiwe ezivame ukuvunwa ngenhlanganisela futhi zakhe ingxenye enkulu yamapulazi ase-US, izitshalo ezikhethekile zivame ukutholakala eCalifornia naseFlorida.
Kodwa-ke, inani lezitshalo ezikhethekile ezitshalwayo likhula kakhulu ezindaweni kulo lonke elase-United States. Izilinganiso zakamuva zitholakele manje kunamapulazi ezitshalo ezikhethekile angaphezu kuka-184,000 athatha amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-10.4 zamapulazi. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo okukhethekile kwase-US kuyingxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa kwezolimo kwase-US, kubhekene nezinselelo eziningi ezibalulekile.
Izinselelo namathuba
Abakhiqizi base-US bavame ukuzithola besesimweni esingesihle esikalini somhlaba (ngisho nasekhaya) ngoba, ezindaweni eziningi ezweni lonke, ukukhiqiza unyaka wonke akunakwenzeka. Futhi, ngokungafani nezitshalo zomugqa, izitshalo ezikhethekile azikwazi ukukhushulwa ngobuningi futhi zigcinwe ukuze zithengiswe unyaka wonke ngenxa yokukhathazeka okusha. Ukwengeza, izitshalo eziyisipesheli zivame ukuzwela kakhulu isimo sezulu kunozakwabo bezitshalo ezilandelanayo. Lokhu kubenza babe sengcupheni enkulu ezimeni ezifana nesimo sezulu esibi sakamuva esibonwe engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-US, okubangele ukulahlekelwa kwezitshalo okukhethekile okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-600 zamaRandi.
Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya nakho kuthinteke kakhulu ngenxa yempi yokuhwebelana eqhubekayo. I-US iyaqhubeka nokungenisa imikhiqizo eminingi yezitshalo ezikhethekile, ezehlisa amanani asekhaya, futhi amanye amazwe ashaye izitshalo ezikhethekile ezikhiqizwe e-US ngamanani aphezulu. Okwamanje, I-Europe ibeke imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezi-4 zamarandi emikhiqizweni eminingi yase-US. Imithelela yalezo zindleko ingaba mikhulu, nge Isifundazwe saseNorth Carolina silinganisela ukuthunyelwa kukabhatata kukodwa nje kungase kunciphise u-$70 million.
Njengoba kunjalo ngezinto eziningi, izitshalo ezikhethekile zithintwe kabi ubhubhane oluqhubekayo lwe-COVID-19. Ngaphambi kokuthi i-COVID-19 iqhamuke entwasahlobo edlule, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamasitrobheli aseFlorida kukodwa kwakuntula u-30% womsebenzi owawuwudinga. Izitshalo ezikhethekile zingenye yezinhlobo zezolimo ezidinga abasebenzi abaningi ezikhona namuhla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imisebenzi eminingi ithembele kakhulu kubasebenzi bezolimo besikhashana be-H-2A. Ngesikhathi sodlame, abaningi balaba basebenzi banqanyulwa ukuba beze e-US, futhi labo ababevunyelwe kwadingeka babe nezindawo zokuhlala ezikhethekile, njengoba abakhiqizi nabo kufanele banikeze laba basebenzi izindlu. Ngisho nangaphambi kwalolu bhubhane, nokho, isidingo sabasebenzi sase sidlule kude ukunikezwa.
Nakuba kunezinselelo eziningi, akuzona zonke izindaba ezimbi zomkhakha wezitshalo ezikhethekile. Izinga lokukhula lonyaka lika-2.6% kulindeleke phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo, Futhi amanani ezimpahla asevele enyuke cishe ngamaphesenti angama-40 kusukela ngo-2011. Ekugcineni, nokho, kusazobonakala ukuthi izinselelo ezibhekene nezitshalo ezikhethekile zizonciphisa izinga abakhiqizi abangakwazi ngalo ukusebenzisa amathuba okukhula.
Ukwenyuka kokuqamba okusha phakathi kwabakhiqizi bemishini
Izitshalo ezikhethekile zivame ukuthengiswa ngendlela ezivunwa ngayo, ikakhulukazi ngoba ubuhle bubalulekile kubathengi abaningi. Lokhu kwenze ukwakhiwa kwemishini yokuvuna kube nzima nakakhulu, njengoba abantu abaningi bengafuni ukuthenga izithelo nemifino elimele noma elimele. Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi abambalwa bathole izindlela zokuthuthukisa imishini ekwazi ukuvuna le mikhiqizo ngendlela emnene ngokwanele, ukuze ingalimazi umkhiqizo. Ukwenza kanjalo kuye kwasiza ekwenzeni izinto zokusebenza zikhange nakakhulu futhi emikhiqizweni ethile yezitshalo ezikhethekile, njengamazambane, imishini yokuvuna isineminyaka ikhona. Kodwa-ke, kwabaningi, izinto zokuvuna zisezintsha futhi azikamukelwa kabanzi.
Yize ukwenziwa ngomshini kokuvunwa kwezitshalo okukhethekile bekuhamba kancane futhi kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yemvelo yezitshalo kanye nokulindelwe ngabathengi, imikhiqizo eminingana isikhona emakethe namuhla, okuhlanganisa abavuni abavela ezinkampanini ezingamalungu e-AEM New Holland, Pellenc, Gregoire, The Morning. I-Star Company kanye ne-Oxbo.
Eminingi yale mishini ingakwazi ukuhambisana nokuphuma kwabantu abangu-20 ngehora. Lokhu kuhamba ibanga elide ekusizeni ukubhekana nokushoda kwezisebenzi le mboni ebhekene nazo, kanti futhi kuhlinzeka ngomthombo wokudla ophephe kakhudlwana nonokwethenjelwa. Ekwehliseni izidingo zabasebenzi, imishini iphinde ithuthukise amamajini abakhiqizi ngenxa yezindleko ezincishisiwe zomsebenzi ebezingadingeka. Sekukonke, benza imboni ihehe kakhulu ngokombono womkhiqizi ngokusebenzisa izilinganiso ezithuthukisiwe kanye nombono wabasebenzi ngenxa yokuncipha komsebenzi owenziwe ngokomzimba kanye nemisebenzi ekhokha kangcono, yamakhono.
Into iyiqembu lezohwebo lamazwe ngamazwe elizinze eNyakatho Melika elimele abakhiqizi nabahlinzeki bemishini engekho emgwaqweni abanezinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-1,000 kanye nemigqa yemikhiqizo engaphezu kwama-200 emkhakheni wezolimo kanye nemboni ehlobene nezokwakha emhlabeni wonke. Imboni yokukhiqiza imishini e-United States yeseka imisebenzi eyizigidi ezi-2.8 futhi inikela cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-288 emnothweni minyaka yonke.
- Austin Gellings, Umphathi Wezinkonzo Zezolimo, Inhlangano Yabakhiqizi Bezinto Zokusebenza (AEM)