Njengoba iCalifornia ibhekene nesinye isomiso, amathuluzi angasiza abalimi nabafuyi ukuba bakhulise amanzi abawatholayo ayalolwa.
Umzamo omusha kakhulu wokulinganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okunjalo wethulwe ngesonto eledlule umfelandawonye wezimboni zomphakathi nezizimele ohlanganisa ama-ejensi amathathu ombuso - i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration; uMnyango Wezolimo wase-US; kanye ne-US Geological Survey – kanye nenani lamanyuvesi nezinhlangano ezizimele. I-OpenET, ehlose ukulandelela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingu-17 zasentshonalanga, ibe bukhoma ngo-Oct. 21 futhi itholakala e- www.openetdata.org
I-ET ibhekisela ku-evapotranspiration, inqubo lapho amanzi ahwamuka khona emhlabeni futhi adlulele ezitshalweni.
U-Robyn Grimm, umqondisi wezinhlelo zamanzi ezikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu ku-Environmental Defence Fund, ufanise ukuphatha amanzi ngaphandle kwedatha ye-evapotranspiration nokuphatha isabelomali sasekhaya ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi yimalini esetshenziswayo.
"Iyingxenye yesibili ngobukhulu yomjikelezo wamanzi futhi ingacatshangwa njengephambene nemvula," kusho uGrimm engqungqutheleni yezindaba ememezela ukwethulwa ngesonto eledlule. “Amanzi ashiya umhlaba bese ebuyela emkhathini, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ayisilinganiso samanzi angeke esasetshenziswa ohlelweni lwendawo uma esesetshenziswe endaweni.”
Uhlelo luqala ngokubonwa ngesathelayithi okuvela kwaLandsat, umkhankaso ohlanganyelwe phakathi kweNASA kanye neGeological Survey. Lolu hlelo lunamasathelayithi amathathu ku-orbit, entsha yawo eyethulwe ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Idatha evela kwamanye amasathelayithi e-NASA kanye ne-European Space Agency nawo ayasetshenziswa.
UForrest Melton, usosayensi wocwaningo ehhovisi leNASA laseNtshonalanga Yezicelo Zamanzi, uthe engqungqutheleni yezindaba ukuthi i-evapotranspiration idla amandla futhi ipholisa indawo lapho amanzi ehwamuka khona.
"Lo mphumela wokupholisa ubonakala kunzwa ye-infrared eshisayo ye-Landsat, ethola amazinga aphezulu e-ET njengamazinga okushisa apholile," kusho uMelton. "Amazinga okushisa apholile, asho ukuthi amanzi amaningi asetshenziswa noma adluliselwa yizitshalo, futhi ayahwamuka emhlabeni."
Izitshalo zizobonisa amanani ahlukene okukhanya kwe-infrared naseduze kwe-infrared kuye nempilo yezitshalo, kuphawula u-Melton.
"Lokhu kusivumela ukuba sibale i-ET cishe yonke insimu yezolimo eNtshonalanga, futhi silinganise imiphumela yesomiso (kanye) nomlilo wequbula endaweni yonke ngemininingwane eminingi," kusho uMelton.
Ukuhlanganisa idatha yesathelayithi nedatha yezezulu kuvumela ososayensi ukuba babale amazinga e-evapotranspiration kuwo wonke amaphikseli esithombe sesathelayithi, kusho u-Melton, wengeza ngokuthi ipixel ngayinye ikala amamitha angu-30 ngamamitha angu-30, noma cishe ingxenye yesine yehektare.
Kukhona nemizamo yomkhakha ozimele eqhubekayo kule ndawo. UJoel Kimmelshue wethula i-LandiQ ngo-2007 esebenzisa obunye bobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obufanayo egameni lamakhasimende akhe.
“Silengisa isigqoko sethu ekutheni sikwazi ukuxhumana ngqo nomlimi nokuqonda ukuthi umlimi ucabanga kanjani, ngoba ngivela kuleyo ndawo,” kusho uKimmelshue, ophuma emndenini wabalimi base-Butte County. Ubuchwepheshe bakhe bufika ekulungisweni okuncane kune-OpenET 10 metres by 10 metres, noma 0.02 acre - futhi idatha itholakala kuklayenti kuphela. Idatha ye-OpenET, ngokuphambene, izotholakala emphakathini ngendlela elinganiselwe.
Ngaphezu komsebenzi wokwenza imephu yezitshalo woMnyango Wezinsiza Zamanzi wezwe, i-LandIQ yenza ukuqoqwa kwedatha ye-evapotranspiration yenqwaba yezifunda zokunisela kanye nezikhungo ezigcina amanzi angaphansi komhlaba endaweni eseningizimu ye-San Joaquin Valley.
“Basebenzisa imininingwane kubatshali abakhokhayo manje emanzini abawadlayo - angakanani amanzi ezitshalweni ezidlulayo uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela ejwayelekile yokukhokhisa yokuthi usebenzise amanzi angakanani? Upompe amanzi angakanani?” Kusho uKimmelshue.
“Akuwona wonke amaconsi amanzi afakwa phezu komhlabathi asetshenziswa isivuno,” engeza. "Ufuna ukufika ku-90% ukusebenza kahle noma uma ukwazi, kodwa amanzi asele abuyela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba."
Izinga lokusebenza kahle lika-90%, uKimmelshue wachaza, lisho ukuthi iphesenti lamanzi lithathwa yisitshalo noma isihlahla.
“Lelo zinga lokusebenza kahle lingase libe ngaphansi ku-50%, kuye ngokuthi uwaphatha kanjani amanzi,” usho kanje. “Uma nje uvula iphampu yakho bese ufaka amanzi izinsuku ezintathu ziqondile, uzofaka amanzi amaningi kakhulu kunalawo angasetshenziswa isilimo. Uma uvula iphampu yakho bese ufaka amanzi ngokuphendula isidingo sesitshalo, okuyilokho idatha yethu ekunikezayo, ungakwazi ukulawula ukumpompa kwakho ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu.”
UKimmelshue akagcini nje ngokuthatha izwi lamasathelayithi—yena nabasebenzi bakhe bachitha isikhathi esiningi emgwaqeni.
"Ibhizinisi lethu elincane ligxile ekukhulumeni iqiniso eliqinile," kusho uKimmelshue. "Sinenethiwekhi engaba ngu-80, esondela eziteshini ezingu-90 manje, iziteshi zemvelo yesimo sezulu emhlabeni ezikala izinto ezifana nesivinini somoya nezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama kanye nemisebe enetha, njll., ukubala i-ET yangempela. Sisebenzisa lokho njengenqwaba yedatha yokulinganisa ukuqeqesha amamodeli. "
Umsebenzi wakhe wokwenza imephu yezitshalo uyasiza futhi, waphawula.
"Sihlanganisa leyo mephu yezitshalo ekuhlaziyeni kwethu," kusho uKimmelshue. "Siyakwazi ukubuka ama-alimondi ama-ET, i-ET yama-walnuts, i-ET ye-alfalfa."
Uthe leyo datha kufanele isize abalimi nabafuyi ukubhekana nokuba ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.
“Kunokucutshungulwa okuningi kubalimi njengamanje mayelana nokusebenza kahle kakhudlwana, ukusebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle kakhulu – ukumpompa kancane, ukumpompa kancane, ukumpompa kancane,” kusho uKimmelshue. “Ngenxa ye (Sustainable Groundwater Management Act), kungenzeka kube khona indawo ebalulekile egayiwe eningizimu (San Joaquin) Valley kanye nezinye izindawo zombuso. Abalimi bazokwelula lawo manzi kuze kufike lapho bengakwazi khona. Bakhuthazwe ngokuphelele ukuthi bangafaki izicelo ngokweqile njengamanje. ”
- Kevin Hecteman, California Farm Bureau Federation