University of Arizona usosayensi wezitshalo kanye noprofesa osafufusa uMerle Jensen yabiza indawo elawulwayo ezolimo ngokuthi “ukuzalwa kwenguquko yezolimo.”
Impendulo ethandwayo esidingweni sanamuhla sabathengi semifino emisha, enempilo, etshalwe endaweni, umqondo wokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezibamba ukushisa uyakhula futhi manje wenza umnikelo ocishe ube ngamabhiliyoni ayi-12 ochungechungeni lokudla lokukhiqiza.
“Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule, yibona kuphela abantu ababefuna ukukhuluma nami ngokukhula kwe-greenhouse kwakungabalimi bensangu, kodwa konke lokho sekushintshile manje,” kusho uJensen.
Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embonini esafufusa, wathi, “Ngezinye izikhathi ngizizwa ngiyisithunywa sevangeli esilima izitshalo.”
Kusukela ngo-1965, uJensen wakubona kuwumqondo omuhle ukuzama ukufaka umoya nokushisa kumasembozo emigqa angamafidi angu-150 ubude futhi wengeze amanzi nomanyolo ngalokho ekuqaleni akubiza ngokuthi “ipayipi lokudonsa,” esikwazi namuhla njengokunisela ngamaconsi.
Abalimi abakhulu baguqula izingxenye zamasimu abo zibe izindawo ezilawulwayo, futhi amapulazi amancane alungisa ubuchwepheshe be-glasshouse. Ngisho nabalimi bemifino yasemuva benza imisebenzi emincane yokuvikela izinambuzane, izindleko eziphansi zokuchelela, ukusebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga nokugcina ukusebenza konyaka wonke okungagwema izinga lokushisa elibandayo, ngokusho kukaJensen.
Akuwona umqondo omusha. Ukukhiqizwa kokudla okuvikelwe kwakudala kukholakala ukuthi amakhukhamba esizini atshalwa “ngaphansi kwetshe elisobala” oMbusi waseRoma u-Tiberius. Abantu baseGibhithe nabaseBhabhiloni babetshala imichilo edliwayo ezingadini zamanzi eminyakeni engaba ngu-3,000 XNUMX edlule, njengoba kuphawulwe ezinqolobaneni zomlando.
Kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1900, indlela evamile yasepulazini yahlala ingashintshile: mba umgodi, tshala imbewu, unisele futhi uyondle, ukhiphe ukhula olungafuneki, bese uvuna isivuno futhi usijabulele. Ngokushesha phambili kubalimi banamuhla be-greenhouse noma i-hoop house, manje abakhula emibhedeni yomhlabathi evalekile noma nge-hydroponic.
"Kukhula izitshalo ngesixazululo samanzi nomanyolo, ngokusetshenziswa noma ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokwenziwa njengesihlabathi noma i-peat moss noma i-coconut coir," kusho uJensen. “Ukukhetha ukuhambisa ukulima endlini futhi kukhule (controlled environment agriculture) kusobala. Siyakwazi ukulawula yonke ingxenye yokusebenza, futhi singathola isivuno ngokuphindwe ka-10 kuye kwezingu-20 ngaphezulu ngonyawo lwesikwele ngasinye. Sephule umgoqo wokutshala imifino ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo.”
Ngenxa yokuthi utamatisi uthanda ilanga, i-Arizona iyindawo enhle yokuyikhulisa.
"Kunamahektha angaba ngu-500 manje atshalwa yi-greenhouse e-Arizona, futhi ukukhiqizwa kukatamatisi ongaphansi kwengilazi esifundeni sethu sekukhule kwaba yimakethe ebiza ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.2," kusho uGene Giacomelli, umqondisi wenhlangano. Isikhungo sezoLimo esilawulwa yiNyuvesi yase-Arizona. Isikhungo se-CEAC siyakwazi ukukhiqiza izitshalo ezingaba ngu-1,200 zikatamatisi, upelepele noma ukhukhamba ngamamitha angu-5,000 kanye ne-XNUMX-plus square feet of the heat- cooled-nised-greenhouse.
"Amagagasi e-amber okusanhlamvu awangeni ngaphakathi kwe-greenhouse noma nini maduze, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwemvelo okulawulwayo kuyimakethe ye-niche ekhula ngokushesha yezinto ezikhethekile njengazo zonke izinhlobo zamatamatisi, upelepele, ukhukhamba, ulethisi, ama-microgreens nama-strawberries," kusho u-Giacomelli. “Iqembu elithuthukayo njengoba sikhuluma ngomlimi omncane wephrojekthi, ikota yehektare (10,000 square feet), noma nje inkulungwane yama-square feet, ofuna ukukhula unyaka wonke.
"Lisekhona ikusasa lezolimo ezijwayelekile," kusho uGiacomelli. “Ukulindela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamahektha okulima okubamba ukushisa ukuthi athathe indawo yepulazi elivulekile akunangqondo, kodwa ukukhula kwe-greenhouse okulawulwa kakhulu sekuvele kusebenza ezindaweni ezifana ne-South Pole e-Antarctica, futhi mhlawumbe, ngolunye usuku, ngisho naphezu kwenyanga noma i-Mars. . Uma lokho kuzwakala kungenangqondo, khumbula ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwensimu nokukhula ngaphansi kwengilazi kuyefana ngokoqobo, njengoba izisekelo zezidingo zezitshalo zokukhula zihlala zifana kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokukhiqiza izitshalo.”
UJensen ubeyisikhulumi esiholayo engqungqutheleni yaminyaka yonke ethi, “Ukulima Kwezemvelo Okulawulwayo Ukukhiqizwa Kokudla Emapulazini Endabuko Asemaphandleni Nangewona Endabuko Yasemadolobheni.” Uxoxisane ngokuthi zingatshalwa kanjani ngempumelelo izitshalo ze-hydroponic ngaphansi kwekhava, waphawula ukuthi umqondo wokulima izingadi ububhekwe kakhudlwana ngenxa yokwanda kwezinkinga zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
“Sinabantu abaningi abadinga ukondliwa, futhi abalimi bakadoti bathengisa amasimu abo ukuze bathuthuke emadolobheni, amakhaya akhiwa endaweni yokulima ehamba phambili,” esho. “Kufanele sisebenzise uhlelo oluhlakaniphile ukuze sikhulise ukudla okwengeziwe ngonyawo lwesikwele ngasinye, sibheke phezulu noma sibheke phezulu, imivini ikhuphukele emoyeni ngamamitha angu-12.
"Nquma indlela ofuna ukuya kuyo ngaphambi kokuthi uqale uhambo," kusho u-Jensen, futhi watusa isakhiwo esiyisisekelo samafidi angu-20 kuya kwangu-30 ububanzi namafidi angu-50 kuya kwangu-100 ubude.
Izindlu ezibamba ukushisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zizimele noma zincike emaceleni amathathu (ezinamathiselwe esakhiweni esikhona), azifiki namabhukwana eziyalezo, ngakho-ke udinga ukwenza umsebenzi wakho wesikole kusenesikhathi, esho.
Ukufudukela emadolobheni kokukhiqizwa kokudla kuyimboni yokukhula, njengoba indawo yokulima iyancipha ukutholakala futhi ibiza kakhulu, njengoba isomiso nezimo zezulu ezishintshashintshayo kushintsha ukukhiqizwa okujwayelekile kwamasimu, njengoba ukushoda kwezisebenzi kuyaqhubeka kwanda futhi nesidingo sokudla okutshalwe endaweni kanye nokukhula ngokuqhubekayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyindlela yengadi evulekile, iziqeshana zengadi eziqongweni zophahla noma izindawo ezivikelekile ezifana nezindlu zokugcina izithombo zomhubhe ophezulu kanye/noma ama-hydroponics nokulima okuqondile, ukulima kwasemadolobheni kuzoba nengxenye ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo kokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, ngokusho kukaJensen.
- U-Lee Allen, umlobi we-VGN