Imboni yemifino inentshisekelo ekhulayo empilweni yenhlabathi kanye namagciwane anenzuzo enhlabathini, okuhlanganisa isikhunta se-mycorrhizal. Ukuthola izinzuzo kusikhunta se-mycorrhizal ngaphansi kwezimo zensimu yezohwebo akulula. Ukulinywa okuqinile, ukufuthwa kwenhlabathi, ukufusiswa kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo ezingezona i-mycorrhizal - njengalezo ezisemindenini ye-brassica (Brassicaceae) kanye ne-beet (Amaranthaceae) - kunciphisa amazinga e-mycorrhizal inoculum enhlabathini, kanye namandla okwenza ikoloni yezitshalo. izimpande nge-mycorrhizal fungus.
Njengengxenye Ukuthuthukisa izitshalo zokumboza embonini yemifino (VG16068) – ukutshalwa kwezimali kwentela ngaphansi kwe-Hort Innovation Vegetable Fund – ithimba lephrojekthi libheke amandla ezitshalo zokumboza, kanye namajojo e-mycorrhizal okuhweba kanye nokulinywa komhlabathi okuncishisiwe, ukuze kukhuliswe isikhunta esizuzisayo se-mycorrhizal ezitshalweni zemifino. Kudingeka umfutho njengoba amazinga e-mycorrhizal colonization ezitshalweni zemifino ethengiswayo atholakala ephansi. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwamazinga e-mycorrhizal colonization ezitshalweni zemifino kube nzima ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu e-phosphorus enhlabathini atholakalayo.
Amaphuzu abalulekile nezincomo
Inhlolovo yesikhunta se-mycorrhizal ezitshalweni zemifino ethengiswayo e-Australia ibonise ukuthi izinqubo zokuthuthukisa isikhunta esizuzisayo ziyadingeka, ngamaphesenti angu-14 kuphela ezitshalo zemifino ezithathwe isampula ezibonisa izinhlangano ze-mycorrhizal.
Imizamo yokuthuthukisa amazinga e-mycorrhizal ezitshalweni zemifino kusetshenziswa izitshalo zokumboza kuhlanganiswe nezijovo ze-mycorrhizal ezithengiswayo kanye nokulima okuncishisiwe ezivivinyweni ezihlukene zensimu ayiphumelelanga esivivinyweni sethu. Nokho, izitofu zingase zibe nenzuzo ngaphansi kwezinye izimo.
I-phosphorus yenhlabathi etholakala kakhulu enhlabathini etshalwa izitshalo ivimbela i-mycorrhizal root colonization yezitshalo zokumboza nezitshalo zemifino.
Kubalimi bemifino abanentshisekelo yokuthuthukisa ukuhlangana kwe-mycorrhizal ezitshalweni zabo zekhava nezitshalo zemifino, okulandelayo yizimo “zokubheja ezihamba phambili” zokuthuthukisa amazinga e-mycorrhizal:
- Umhlabathi onamazinga e-phosphorus atholakalayo amaphakathi (Olsen-P <50 ppm).
- Inhlabathi eqinile yokulungisa i-phosphorus (isb., enyakatho yeTasmania naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-WA).
- Izinhlelo zokukhiqiza imifino kusetshenziswa amazinga aphezulu omquba.
Kungani ukhuthaza isikhunta se-mycorrhizal? Izinzuzo nge-symbiosis
Isikhunta se-Arbuscular mycorrhizal 'iyizimpawu' zesikhunta esizuzisayo, esinezinzuzo ezingaba khona eziqashelwa kabanzi kuyo yonke imboni yemifino kanye nokusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwemikhiqizo yokugomela i-mycorrhizal.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimpande zezitshalo yisikhunta se-mycorrhizal kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezingaba khona ezihlanganisa:
- Ukuthathwa okuthuthukisiwe kwezakhamzimba ezinganyakazi, ikakhulukazi i-phosphorus ne-zinc
- Ukudla okuthuthukisiwe komkhiqizo.
- Isivuno esithuthukisiwe.
- Izici ze-Biostimulant.
- Ukuvikelwa kwezimpande zomsingathi kumagciwane athile.
- Ubudlelwano obuthuthukisiwe bamanzi, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi komkhawulo wezakhi.
- Ukushaqeka kokufakelwa okwehlisiwe.
- Ukuhlanganisa umhlabathi okuthuthukisiwe nge-glomalin.
Isikhunta se-Mycorrhizal siyisikhunta esiyisibopho esinezizukulwane ezingaphezu kwe-15 nezinhlobo eziyi-150. Emhlabathini wezolimo, isikhunta se-mycorrhizal singakha phakathi kwamaphesenti amahlanu nama-50 we-biomass yamagciwane enhlabathini.
Cishe yonke inhlabathi iqukethe isikhunta se-mycorrhizal, kodwa ukuminyana kwe-inoculum (izinhlamvu, izingcezu zezimpande kanye ne-hyphae) kanye nezinhlobo zesikhunta ziyahlukahluka. Ukuze uphile futhi ukhule, isikhunta se-mycorrhizal sidinga isitshalo esiphilayo esihlinzeka ngokudla (ama-photosynthates) ngokushintshanisa izinzuzo ezihambisana nobudlelwano be-symbiotic.
Ukuhlobana phakathi kwesikhunta se-mycorrhizal nesitshalo kuhlolwa ngokulinganisa amazinga ezimpande. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuthatha amasampula ezimpande ezitshalweni zasensimini, ukungcolisa ukuze kugqanyiswe isikhunta se-mycorrhizal kanye nokuhlola izimpande zezakhiwo ze-mycorrhizal (hyphae, arbuscles noma vesicles). Lokhu bese kusetshenziselwa ukubala iphesenti lezimpande eziqoqwe.
Isikhunta se-Mycorrhizal ezitshalweni zemifino ethengiswayo - ingabe sidinga ukuthuthukiswa?
Amazinga e-Mycorrhizal colonization atholakala njengezitshalo zemifino ezithengiswayo eziphansi. Amaphesenti angu-14 kuphela ezitshalo zemifino ezathathwa abenezinhlangano ze-mycorrhizal (bheka kuThebula 1). Kulezo zitshalo ezinezinhlangano ze-mycorrhizal, amazinga e-colonization yezimpande ayephakathi (Ithebula 1, Umfanekiso 1). Kube nezitshalo zemifino ezingama-57 ezathathwa emapulazini angama-22. Amasampula ezimpande athathwe ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ensimini eVictoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia naseTasmania. I-capsicum yendlu yomhubhe etshalwe enhlabathini kanye nama-eggplant nawo athathwa njengesampula eNingizimu ye-Australia.
Ukuthuthukisa izinhlangano ze-mycorrhizal
Ezivivinyweni ezine zensimu, sizamile ukukhulisa i-mycorrhizal colonization ezitshalweni zekhava noma amaliki noma ummbila sisebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zokumboza kanye nemijovo ye-mycorrhizal kanye nokulima okuncishisiwe.
Izitshalo zekhava zazinamazinga aphansi ezimpande ze-mycorrhizal (Ithebula 2) futhi azizange zikhuphule amazinga e-mycorrhizal emhlabathini noma izitshalo zemifino ezilandelayo. I-sorghum iyona kuphela isitshalo sekhava esasinezimpande ze-mycorrhizal ezimaphakathi (> 10%).
Ukwengeza i-mycorrhizal inoculum esitjalweni sekhava ngaphambi kwesitshalo semifino noma ngokuqondile esitshalweni semifino akuzange kwenyuse amazinga ezimpande zommbila noma i-leek ekuvuneni noma ukukhula nesivuno.
Amazinga aphezulu e-phosphorus enhlabathini anciphisa isikhunta se-mycorrhizal
Amazinga aphezulu e-phosphorus enhlabathini (Olsen-P> 100 ppm) avamile enhlabathini etshala izitshalo. Amazinga e-phosphorus aphezulu atholakalayo enhlabathini angavimbela ukukhiqizwa kwezimpande zezitshalo zokumboza nezitshalo zemifino. Ukwengeza imijovo ye-mycorrhizal akuzange kuwunqobe lo mkhawulo. Emhlabathini onamanani e-Olsen-P angaphezu kuka-50 ppm isitshalo somsingathi, esilawula inqubo yokwenza ikoloni, ngokuvamile asivumeli isikhunta se-mycorrhizal ukuthi singene empandeni.
Sizitholile izitshalo ezikhava kanye nezitshalo ezinamazinga amukelekayo ezimpande. Lezi zindawo ngokuvamile zazinamazinga aphansi e-phosphorus atholakalayo. Isibonelo, isivuno sekhava ye-oat enamaphesenti angama-78 izinga lezimpande zekholoni sasinevelu ye-Olsen-P engu-7 ppm.
Kubalimi bemifino abanentshisekelo yokuthuthukisa ubudlelwane be-mycorrhizal ezitshalweni zabo zekhava kanye nezitshalo zemifino, siphakamisa lezi zimo ezilandelayo 'zokubheja ezihamba phambili':
- Umhlabathi onamazinga e-phosphorus atholakalayo amaphakathi (< 50 ppm Olsen-P; ukuguqulwa okulinganiselwe kokunye ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi: < 140 ppm Colwell-P, < 110 ppm Bray-P noma < 105 ppm Mehlich-3-P).
- Inhlabathi eqinile yokulungisa i-phosphorus (isb., amaFerrosols enyakatho yeTasmania; inhlabathi eseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-WA). Bheka inhlabathi ene-Phosphorus Retention Index ephezulu noma i-Phosphorus Buffering Index.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwemifino kusetshenziswa amazinga aphezulu omquba. ENingizimu Australia, sasilokhu sibona amazinga aphezulu e-mycorrhizal colonization Solanaceae izitshalo ezitshalwe ekulimeni okuvikelwe, naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezifutha zenhlabathi. Lezi zinhlelo zonke zisebenzisa amazinga aphezulu omquba kuhlanganiswe nezijovo ze-mycorrhizal.
Lezi zimo 'zokubheja ezihamba phambili' zinikeza umhlahlandlela kulabo balimi abafuna ukukhulisa amazinga esikhunta se-mycorrhizal. Kodwa-ke, asikwazanga ukukhombisa ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo zesikhunta se-mycorrhizal ezinganikezwa izitshalo zemifino ngaphansi kwezimo zentengiso.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezitshalo ezikhava ezikhiqizwe iphrojekthi VG16068, sicela uvakashele iwebhusayithi yeSoil Wealth futhi ubuke izinsiza ezihlobene nesitshalo sekhava.
Le phrojekthi ixhaswe yi-Hort Innovation isebenzisa intela yocwaningo nentuthuko yemifino kanye neminikelo evela kuHulumeni wase-Australia.