Luigi Ricciardi 1 , Rosa Mazzeo 2,*© , Angelo RaffuMarcotrigiano 1 , Guglielmo Rainaldi 3 , Paolo Iovieno 4 , Vito Zonno 1 , Stefano Pavan 1© kanye no-Concetta Lotti 2,*
- 1 Umnyango Wenhlabathi, Isayensi Yezitshalo Nezokudla, Iyunithi Yezakhi Zofuzo Zezitshalo Inyuvesi yaseBari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70125 Bari, Italy; luigi.ricciardi@uniba.it (LR);angelo.marcotrigiano@uniba.it (I-ARM); vito.zonno@uniba.it (VZ); stefano.pavan@uniba.it (SP)
- 2 Umnyango Wezesayensi Yezolimo, Ukudla Nemvelo, Inyuvesi yaseFoggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- 3 Umnyango Wesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo, I-Biotechnologies kanye ne-Biopharmaceuticals, i-University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; guglielmo.rainaldi@uniba.it
- 4 Umnyango Wezobuchwepheshe Zamandla, i-Bioenergy, i-Biorefinery and Green Chemistry Division, i-ENEA Trisaia Research Centre, i-SS 106 Ionica, km 419+500, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy; paolo.iovieno@enea.it
* Ukuxhumana: rosa.mazzeo@unifg.it (RM); concetta.lotti@unifg.it (CL)
Abstract:
U-anyanini (Allium cepa L.) iyisitshalo semifino sesibili esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi saziswa kabanzi ngezinzuzo zaso zezempilo. Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo okubalulekile kwezomnotho kanye nenani lawo njengokudla okusebenzayo, u-anyanisi awuphenywanga kahle ngokuphathelene nokuhlukahluka kwawo kofuzo. Lapha, sihlole ukuhlukahluka kofuzo "ku-anyanisi obomvu we-Acquaviva" (ARO), i-landrace enomlando wokulinywa kwekhulu leminyaka edolobheni elincane esifundazweni sase-Bari (Apulia, eNingizimu ye-Italy). Isethi yomaka be-microsatellite eyi-11 yasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuhlukahluka kofuzo eqoqweni le-germplasm elihlanganisa abantu abangu-13 be-ARO kanye nezinhlobo ezintathu ezivamile zezohwebo. Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sofuzo ngezindlela ze-parametric nezingezona ezepharamitha kugqamise ukuthi i-ARO imele iqoqo lofuzo elichazwe kahle, elihluke ngokusobala ku-Tropea ne-Montoro evame ukuphutha ngalo. Ukuze kuhlinzekwe incazelo yama-bulb, ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa okusha, okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kanye nokufutheka kuye kwahlolwa, okubonisa ubumnandi obuphakeme ku-ARO ngokuphathelene nezindawo ezimbili ezishiwo ngenhla. Sekukonke, ucwaningo lwamanje luwusizo ekuhlobiseni ngekusasa kwe-ARO, okungathuthukiswa ngamalebula ekhwalithi angaba nomthelela ekunciphiseni ukukhwabanisa kwezentengiselwano nokwenza ngcono imali engenayo yabanini abancane.
Isingeniso
I-Allium genus ihlanganisa cishe izinhlobo ezingu-750 [1], phakathi kwazo u-anyanisi (i-Allium cepa L., 2n = 2x =16) ingenye esabalele kakhulu. I-A. cepa inomjikelezo weminyaka emibili kanye nokuziphatha okudlula ukuzala. Kulezi zinsuku, ukukhiqizwa kuka-anyanisi emhlabeni wonke (97.9 Mt) kuwenza isitshalo semifino esibaluleke kakhulu ngemva kukatamatisi [2]. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izigaxa zika-anyanisi bezisetshenziswa kokubili njengokudla nasemithini yesintu. Ngempela, abaseGibhithe lasendulo sebevele babike amafomula amaningana okwelapha asekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kukagalikhi no-anyanisi ku-papyrus yezokwelapha ye-1550 BC, i-Codex Ebers [3].
Le mifino eguquguqukayo futhi enempilo idliwa iluhlaza, isisha, noma njengomkhiqizo ocutshunguliwe, futhi isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kwezitsha eziningi. Ucwaningo oluningana lwakamuva luthi ukusetshenziswa kuka-anyanisi kunganciphisa ingozi yezifo zenhliziyo [4,5], ukukhuluphala [6], isifo sikashukela [7], kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomdlavuza [8-10]. Ukufaneleka kwempilo ka-anyanisi kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi kumazinga aphezulu ezigaba ezimbili zezinhlanganisela ze-nutraceutical: i-flavonoids ne-alk(en)yl cysteine sulphoxides (ACSOs). Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ama-flavonols nama-anthocyanins. I-Quercetin iyi-flavonol eyinhloko ebonakalayo, eyaziwa ngezakhiwo zayo eziqinile ze-antioxidant kanye ne-anti-inflammatory e-free radical scavenging kanye ne-transition metal ions ebophayo. [11]; kuyilapho ama-anthocyanins enikeza umbala obomvu/onsomi kwezinye izinhlobo zika-anyanisi. Ngokuqondene nama-ACSO, okuchichima kakhulu i-isoalliin [(+)-trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide] [12], i-amino acid engaguquguquki futhi engeyona i-proteinogenic sulphur egcinwe emangqamuzaneni, ebangela ngokungaqondile iphunga elimnandi kanye nokunambitheka kuka-anyanisi. [13]. Lapho izicubu ziphazamiseka, i-isoalliin ihlukaniswa yi-enzyme i-alliinase ukuze ikhiqize uchungechunge lwezinhlanganisela ezishintshashintshayo (i-pyruvate, i-ammonia, i-thiosulphonates ne-propanethial S-oxide) edala ukudabuka futhi ibangele iphunga elibi (ukuvuvukala). [14]. I-onion pungency ivame ukukalwa njengenani, igremu ngalinye lesisindo esisha, le-pyruvic acid ekhiqizwa yi-hydrolysis. [15,16].
Emazweni ase-Mediterranean basin, ehlongozwayo njengenye yezikhungo zokuhlukahluka kwesibili A. cepa [17,18], izigaxa zika-anyanisi zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okubanzi komumo, usayizi, umbala, into eyomile, nokufutheka [19-22]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvundisa okusekelwe ku-sulphur, izinqubo ze-agronomic, uhlobo lwenhlabathi, izimo zezulu, kanye ne-genotype yezitshalo noma i-landraces kungaba nomthelela ekhwalithi ye-bulb ngokunikeza i-organoleptic engavamile kanye namagugu omsoco. [23-27]. E-Italy, naphezu kokutholakala kwe-germplasm ka-anyanisi ebanzi, yizinhlobo ezimbalwa zika-anyanisi ezivame ukufakwa ezifundweni zesayensi futhi ziphawulwe kahle. [28,29].
Ukucaciswa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuphelele kanye ne-phenotypic ye-agro-biodiversity kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondolozwa okufanele kwemithombo yofuzo yezitshalo nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezithile ze-genotypes kuchungechunge lwenani. [30-32]. Omaka abaphindayo bokulandelana okulula (SSR) bavame ukukhethwa ukuze kwenziwe imephu [33-35], DNA fingerprinting kanye cultivar discrimination [36-38], kanye nesilinganiso esithembekile sokuhlukahluka kofuzo ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezinhlanga [39-42], njengoba ziqondene ne-locus, multi-allelic, zitholwa njenge-codominantly, zikhiqizeka kabusha kakhulu, futhi zilungele i-genotyping ezenzakalelayo.
Ocwaningweni lwamanje, sigxilise ukunaka kwethu endaweni yendabuko yase-Apulian, i-"Acquaviva red onion" (ARO), elinywa ngezindlela zokulima endaweni encane yedolobha lase-Acquaviva delle Fonti, esifundazweni sase-Bari. (Apulia, Southern Italy). Ama-bulb ale landrace makhulu futhi ayisicaba futhi anombala obomvu futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphekeni kwendawo. Nakuba i-ARO ithole uphawu lwekhwalithi lwe-“Slow Food Presidium”, ukukhiqizwa kwayo kungase kuthuthukiswe futhi kuvikelwe amamaki ekhwalithi e-European Union afana ne-provicted geographical indication (PGI) kanye ne-provicted designation of origin (POD), njengoba lokhu kungase kube nomthelela ekunciphiseni umkhawulo ukukhwabanisa kwezentengiselwano nokwenza ngcono iholo labalimi abancane. Lapha, izimpawu zamangqamuzana e-SSR zisetshenziswe njengamathuluzi anamandla okuhlola ukuhlukahluka kofuzo phakathi kwezibalo ze-ARO kanye nokubandlulula le ndawo kwezinye izindawo ezimbili zika-anyanisi obomvu zase-Southern Italy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, silinganisele ukufutheka nokuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo ukuze sihlole ukunambitheka kwe-ARO ngokuhlobene nesidingo semakethe.
Imiphumela
Ukusungulwa kwe-Acquaviva Red Onion Germplasm Collection kanye ne-Morphological Characterization
Imbewu yezibalo eziyi-13 ze-ARO landrace, enikelwe abalimi kuhlaka lwephrojekthi ye-BiodiverSO Apulia Region yasetshenziswa ukusungula iqoqo le-ARO germplasm.
Izichazi ze-morphological, ezihlobene ne-bulb, isikhumba, kanye nenyama zaqoqwa ku-ARO germplasm nasezindaweni ezintathu zika-anyanisi, ezimbili ezingaphansi kwe-"Tropea red onion" (TRO) landrace kanye neyodwa "ye-Montoro copper onion" (MCO) landrace (Figure 1). Wonke ama-ARO bulbs ayeyisicaba futhi ebonakala ngesikhumba sangaphandle esibomvu nenyama enemithunzi ehlukene ebomvu. Ngokuphambene, inyama yama-TRO bulbs yayibomvu ngokuphelele, kuyilapho inyama yama-MCO bulbs yayingenambala obala (Ithebula S1). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical kuvunyelwe ukuhlola okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kanye nokufutheka. Njengoba kubikiwe kuThebula 1, amanani amaphakathi okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kwama-bulb kubantu be-ARO abengu-7.60, futhi asukela ku-6.00 (ARO12) ukuya ku-9.50° Brix (ARO11 ne-ARO13). Leli nani beliphezulu kunalelo elilinganiselwe le-TRO ne-MCO landraces (4.25 kanye no-6.00° Brix, ngokulandelana).
Ithebula 1. Okuqukethwe Okuqinile Okuncibilikayo Namanani Okuphuphumayo Ahlolwe kokuthi “Acquaviva Red Onion” (ARO), “Tropea Red Onion” (TRO), kanye “Ne-Montoro Copper Onion” (MCO) Populations *.
I-CODE | Okuqukethwe oku-Soluble Solid (Brix) | Ubukhali (pi-molg-1 FW) | ||
Ngisho | CV y (%) | Ngisho | CV y (%) | |
I-ARO1 | 6.25D * | 5.65 | 5.84 ab * | 23.78 |
I-ARO2 | I-7.25 DC | 4.87 | 6.51 ukuze | 22.98 |
I-ARO3 | Ngo-7.50 BC | 9.42 | 5.28ab | 22.88 |
I-ARO4 | Ngo-7.50 BC | 0.00 | 6.97 ukuze | 3.74 |
ARO 5 | Ngo-7.50 BC | 0.00 | 6.80 ukuze | 9.68 |
I-ARO6 | I-6.25 D | 5.65 | 4.51ab | 39.18 |
I-ARO7 | I-7.25 DC | 4.87 | 5.25ab | 15.44 |
I-ARO8 | 9.00 AB | 0.00 | 7.04 ukuze | 3.49 |
I-ARO9 | 8.25 I-ABC | 4.28 | 6.84 ukuze | 0.15 |
I-ARO10 | I-7.00 DC | 0.00 | 5.94ab | 6.57 |
I-ARO11 | 9.50 A | 7.44 | 5.54ab | 16.43 |
I-ARO12 | I-6.00 D | 0.00 | 4.91ab | 9.70 |
I-ARO13 | 9.50 A | 7.44 | 6.63 ukuze | 24.93 |
I-MCO | I-6.00 D | 0.00 | 4.18ab | 2.66 |
I-TRO1 | I-4.25 E | 8.31 | 2.80 b | 2.10 |
I-TRO2 | I-4.25 E | 8.31 | 4.28ab | 4.79 |
* Izindlela ezinezinhlamvu ezifanayo ngofeleba abakhulu noma abancane azihlukile ngokwezibalo kokuthi 0.01P noma 0.05P, ngokulandelanayo (Ukuhlolwa kwe-SNK). y I-Coefficient of variation.
Isilinganiso senani le-ARO pungency, elihlolwe ngokuqukethwe kwe-pyruvic acid, lalingu-6.00, lisukela ku-4.51 pmol g.-1 FW (ARO6) ukuya ku-7.04 (ARO8). Leli nani beliphezulu kunalelo elilinganiselwe ku-TRO kanye ne-MCO landraces (3.54 pmol g-1 FW kanye 4.18 pmol g-1 FW, ngokulandelana).
I-SSR Polymorphism kanye Nobudlelwano Bofuzo phakathi kwe-Accessions
Ocwaningweni lwamanje, inhlanganisela yokuqala ye-SSR eyi-11 kwezingu-37 ihlinzeke nge-polymorphisms ye-single-locus, okungukuthi, ikhiqiza okungenani imikhiqizo emibili yokukhulisa izwi kumuntu oyedwa. Sekukonke, kutholwe ama-allele angama-55 kubantu abangama-320 abanenani lama-alleles endaweni ngayinye ukusuka ku-2 (ACM147 kanye ne-ACM 504) kuye ku-11 (ACM132) kanye nenani elilinganiselwe lama-alleles ayi-5 (Ithebula 2). Kubantu ngabanye, inani lama-alleles (Na) lalisuka ku-1.94 (ACM147 kanye ne-ACM504) laya ku-5.38 (ACM132), kanti inani elisebenzayo lama-alleles (Ne) lalisuka ku-1.41 (ACM152) ukuya ku-2.82 (ACM449). Ukungezwani phakathi kwamanani e-Na kanye ne-Ne ayebangelwa ukuba khona kwama-allele anemvamisa ephansi kubantu kanye nokutholakala kwama-allele ambalwa kuphela. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu elabonwa i-heterozygosity (Ho) lagqanyiswa ku-ACM138 kanye ne-ACM449 (0.62), kanti eliphansi kakhulu lalihlotshaniswa ne-ACM152 (0.25). I-heterozygosity elindelekile (Yena), ehambisana nokulindelwe kwethiyori kubantu be-panmictic, kusukela ku-0.37 (ACM504) kuya ku-0.61 (ACM132, ACM138, ne-ACM449). I-Wright's fixation index (Fis), ibonise amanani asondele ku-zero (isilinganiso esingu-0.05) kuzo zonke izimpawu, ebonisa amanani afanayo phakathi kwamazinga e-heterozygosity aqashiwe nalindelekile, njengoba kulindelekile ohlotsheni oludlulayo. Ukusebenza kahle komaka ngamunye we-SSR ezigxivizweni zeminwe yofuzo kulinganiselwa ngenkomba ye-polymorphic information content (PIC), enenani elilinganisiwe elingu-0.48 futhi isukela ku-0.33 (ACM504) kuya ku-0.67 (ACM132). Enye inkomba yokusebenza kahle, i-Shannon's Information Index (I) ibonise inani elilinganisiwe elingu-0.84, futhi amanani acatshangelwayo asukela ku-0.45 (ACM152) kuya ku-1.20 (ACM132).
Ithebula 2. Izici ze-Polymorphism Zezimpawu ze-SSR eziyi-11 Ezisetshenziswa Ukulinganisa Ukuhlukahluka Kwezakhi Zofuzo ku-ARO, TRO, kanye ne-MCO Populations. Isamba senani lama-Alleles (Na), Ububanzi Bosayizi Bebhendi, kanye Nokuqukethwe Kolwazi Lwe-Polymorphic (PIC) Inkomba Bheka Isamba Sesethi Yabantu abangu-320 Abafakwe I-Genotyped kulolu cwaningo. Inombolo yama-Alleles (Na), inombolo ye-Alleles Esebenzayo (Ne), I-Heterozygosity Eqaphelile (Ho), I-Heterozygosity Elindelwe (He), Inkomba Yokulungisa (Fis), kanye ne-Inkomba Yolwazi ka-Shannon (I) ibhekisela Kumanani Amaphakathi Abalwe Kubantu abayi-16, Ngalinye Lihlanganiswe Ngabantu abangu-20.
I-Locus. | Ingqikithi Na | Ibanga likasayizi (bp) | I-PIC | Ngisho | |||||
Na | Ne | Ho | He | I | Fis | ||||
Izimo | 4 | 189-205 | 0.40 | 2.63 | 1.72 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.66 | 0.04 |
Izimo | 4 | 229-241 | 0.52 | 2.94 | 2.37 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.92 | 0.06 |
Izimo | 11 | 186-248 | 0.67 | 5.38 | 2.78 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 1.20 | 0.09 |
Izimo | 5 | 242-272 | 0.66 | 3.69 | 2.82 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 1.09 | -0.02 |
Izimo | 2 | 264-266 | 0.37 | 1.94 | 1.83 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.62 | -0.01 |
Izimo | 4 | 228-244 | 0.25 | 2.38 | 1.41 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.07 |
Izimo | 4 | 286-298 | 0.41 | 2.81 | 1.77 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.72 | -0.06 |
Izimo | 6 | 108-120 | 0.56 | 3.50 | 2.48 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 1.01 | 0.16 |
Izimo | 8 | 120-140 | 0.66 | 4.88 | 2.82 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 1.18 | -0.03 |
Izimo | 5 | 202-210 | 0.47 | 3.38 | 1.95 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.83 | 0.05 |
Izimo | 2 | 188-192 | 0.33 | 1.94 | 1.64 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.20 |
Ngisho | 5 | 0.48 | 3.22 | 2.15 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.84 | 0.05 |
Phakathi kwezibalo zabantu, i-ARO3, ARO6, ARO8, ARO10, TRO1, ne-MCO ibonise izinga eliphezulu lokuhlukahluka kofuzo (Ho > 0.5), kuyilapho ukuhlukahluka okuphansi kubonwe esibalweni sabantu i-ARO7 (Ho = 0.27) (Ithebula Elingeziwe S2). Sekukonke, wonke ama-accessions aboniswa Fis amanani asondele ku-zero (Fis isilinganiso senani = 0.054), njengoba kulindelekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhwelana ezingahleliwe.
Ukuhlaziywa Kokuhlukahluka Kwengqamuzana Nesakhiwo Sofuzo
Ukwehlukaniswa okulandelanayo kokuhlukahluka kofuzo phakathi kwabantu nangaphakathi kwesibalo sabantu kwenziwe ikhompuyutha yi-AMOVA. Imiphumela yagqamisa ingxenye enkulu yokuhlukahluka kofuzo phakathi kwabantu (87%). Ukwehluka phakathi kwabantu, i-13%, bekubaluleke kakhulu (P < 0.001) (Ithebula 3). Amanani ahamba ngamabili epharamitha ye-Fpt, okufana nenkomba yokulungisa ye-Wright Fst, ukusuka ku-0.002 (ARO2/ARO10) ukuya ku-0.468 (ARO7/TRO2), abebalulekile (P < 0.05), ngaphandle kokuqhathanisa okubili okuyisishagalolunye (Ithebula Elingeziwe S3).
Ithebula 3. Ukuhlaziywa Kokuhluka Kwemolekyuli Yama-Genotypes angama-320 kusuka kubantu abayi-16 be I-Allium cepa L.
Umthombo | df | Isamba Sezikwele | Ukulinganisa Okuhlukile | Ukwehluka (%) | Fpt | P |
Phakathi kwabantu | 15 | 458.63 | 1.16 | 13% | ||
Phakathi kwabantu | 304 | 2272.99 | 7.50 | 87% | 0.134 | 0.001 |
Ubude | 319 | 2731.62 | 8.66 |
Uphenyo lwesakhiwo sofuzo ku A. cepa iqoqo le-genotyped kulolu cwaningo lenziwe ngokuhlaziywa kweqoqo okusekelwe kumodeli we-admixture okusetshenziswe ku-software STRUCTURE. Indlela ye-Evanno AK iphakamise ukuhlukaniswa iziqephu ngamaqoqo amabili (K = 2) njengento efundisa kakhulu idathasethi,nge-the Olandelayo eliphezulu peak e k = 5 (Sopplementaiv Rgure I-S1). A kwe K = 2, ahpopizindaba weqaigned kwe onfuthi if amaqoqo amabili nge i-coefficient ye-rnernbertoip (q) > 0.7. Njengoba shown phakathi Figure 2a, iqoqo lokuqala (eliqanjwe ngokuthi i-S1) lalihlanganisa i-MCO kanye nabo bonke abantu be-ARO, kuyilapho iqoqo le-S2 lahlanganisa abantu ababili be-TRO. Ku-K = 5, inikeza incazelo ejulile yedathasethi (Umfanekiso 2b), ama-75% okungena anikezwe elinye lamaqoqo amahlanu. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwe-ARO (S1) ne-TRO (S2) kuqinisekisiwe, nakuba ezinye izakhamuzi ze-ARO zahlanganiswa (q <0.7) noma zahlanganiswa ngokuhlukana kumaqoqo amasha amabili i-S3 ne-S4 (ARO7 ne-ARO12, ngokulandelana). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uhlobo lwezohwebo lwe-MCO lwakha iqoqo elihlukile (S5) elihlukaniswe no-anyanisi obomvu wase-Apulian.
Ubudlelwano Bofuzo Phakathi Kwabantu
I-SSR polymorphism evunyelwe ukudweba i-dendrogram yokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-phylogenetic kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso. 3a. Lapha, iqoqo le-germplasm lahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amahlanu asekelwa ngokuqinile amanani we-bootstrap. Izibalo ze-ARO7 kanye ne-ARO12 zahlukaniswa ngokushesha kubantu abasele futhi kwakheka amaqoqo amabili ahlukene. Iqoqo lesithathu lalihlanganisa abantu ababili bezentengiselwano be-TRO, kanti indawo yesine yahlukanisa i-MCO kubantu abayishumi nanye be-ARO. Ubudlelwano bezofuzo obenzeka phakathi kwabantu buphinde baphenywa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya okuyinhloko (PCoA) (Figure 3b). Njengoba kugqanyisiwe ngaphambilini, inani labantu be-ARO baqoqwe ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kwe-ARO12 kanye ne-ARO7, evele ezindaweni ezingazodwa ohlelweni lwe-PCoA. Izibalo ze-TRO ezimbili kanye ne-MCO zihlakazeke kuphaneli engezansi kwesokudla sesakhiwo.
Umfanekiso we-3. Ukuhlukahluka kofuzo phakathi kwe-16 A. cepa abantu ababalulwe kulolu cwaningo, ngokusekelwe kuphrofayili yabo ye-SSR. (a) UPGMA dendrogram yebanga lofuzo. Amanani asekela i-Bootstrap>50 akhonjiswe ngaphezu kwamanodi ahambisanayo; (b) ukuhlaziywa kwengxenye eyinhloko (PCoA). Iqoqo liyindilinga elibomvu elihambisana ngokugcwele neqembu elikhiqizwe ukuhlaziya kwe-phylogenetic futhi lakhiwe ngama-accessions angu-11 we-ARO.
Ingxoxo
Ngaphakathi kwenani elikhulu le-agro-biodiversity elihlwaywe ngokujwayelekile eNingizimu ye-Italy, izindawo zika-anyanisi zimelela imikhiqizo edinga ukugcinwa engozini yokuguguleka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nosongo lokushintshwa kwezinhlobo zesimanje. Ohlakeni lwephrojekthi yesifunda i-BiodiverSO, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqoqa, ukuhlukanisa izici, ukukhangisa, nokuvikela imithombo yofuzo yesifunda sase-Apulia exhunywe ngokuqinile namagugu endawo, sisungule iqoqo lembewu labantu abangu-13 be-ARO landrace. Sibike ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokuhluka kwe-ARO ngokuya nge-DNA polymorphisms kanye nemingcele emibili ye-biochemical, okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kanye ne-pyruvic acid, okuhlobene nezici zokunambitheka kanye nokubaluleka kokwamukelwa kwemikhiqizo emisha engaphekiwe. Ukwengeza, idatha ku-ARO landrace yaqhathaniswa naleyo eqoqwe kwezinye izindawo ezimbili zika-anyanisi ezinemibala evame ukuphutha ngazo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kugqamise ubumnandi bezibalo ze-ARO eziyi-13, ezihlobene nokuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo okuphezulu kanye nokufutheka okuphakathi, ngokweziqondiso zemboni ka-anyanisi omnandi. [31]. Ama-ARO bulbs abemnandi kunalawo ezindawo ze-TRO kanye ne-MCO, futhi abonisa ukufutheka okuphezulu kancane. Kodwa-ke, ubumnandi ku-anyanisi kungenxa yebhalansi phakathi koshukela kanye ne-pungency, ngakho-ke lesi sici singaba usizo ekusekeleni ukukhethwa kwe-genotypes yenani, ngokuvamile eyenziwa abalimi ngokusekelwe ku-morphology kuphela.
Omaka be-SSR baqinisekiswa ukuthi bayithuluzi eliwusizo lokubandlulula izinhlobo ze-genotype, nakuba ziqoqwe endaweni encane ekhulayo njengedolobha lase-Acquaviva delle Fonti. Omaka abakhethiwe babonise inani eliphezulu lama-allele kunanomaka ababikwe ngabo ngaphambilini [43] futhi [44], kodwa ngaphansi komaka okubikwe ngu [45]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-50% wesethi yethu yomaka abonise amanani enkomba ye-PIC angaphezu kuka-0.5, abonisa ukuthi afaneleka ukubandlulula abantu eqoqweni, njengoba kuphakanyiswe [46]. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlukahluka phakathi kwenani labantu kwembule amanani afanayo phakathi kuka-Ho no-He, okuholela ku-Fi ephansis amanani. Lokhu kuvumelana nemvelo yokweqa kwe A. Cepa, ehlushwa kakhulu inbreeding depression [47]. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-Fis inani elibalwe ku-anyanisi ocatshangelwe kulolu cwaningo (0.054) laliphansi kunalelo elibikwe ngaphambilini [45] (0.22) futhi icishe ifane naleyo etholwe ngu [31] (0.08) kanye [48] (0.00) ohlole ukuhlukahluka kofuzo emijahweni ka-anyanisi osuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Spain nase-Niger, ngokulandelanayo. Amazinga aphawulekayo we-heterozygosity kubantu be-ARO agcizelela umqondo wokuthi i-Apulia imele isikhungo sokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo eziningi ze-horticultural. [32, I-42, I-49-51].
I-AMOVA igqamise ukuthi ukuhluka okuningi kwamangqamuzana eqoqweni le-genotyped kulolu cwaningo kungaphakathi kwezibalo zabantu. Kodwa-ke, umehluko omkhulu wezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu (FPT values) yembula ukwenzeka kokuhlukaniswa kofuzo. Eqinisweni, nakuba imiphumela yethu ibonise ukuba khona kokufana kofuzo kubantu abaningi be-ARO, okwenza iqoqo elichazwe kahle, i-ARO7 kanye ne-ARO12 yabantu babonise iphrofayili yofuzo ehluke ngokusobala. Lo mphumela ungaba ngenxa yemvelaphi ehlukile yembewu esetshenziswa abalimi ababili lapho abantu baqoqwa khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni etholiwe, i-ARO landrace ingabhekwa njengehluke ngokucacile ezingeni lofuzo kusukela ku-TRO kanye ne-MCO landraces. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, [29] ihlole ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kwezindawo eziningi zika-anyanisi wase-Italy okuhlanganisa i-“Acquaviva,” “Tropea,” kanye ne-“Montoro.” Nakuba abalobi basebenzisa izimpawu ze-SNP ukuhlola ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kweqoqo lika-anyanisi elibanzi, i-genotyping ayikwazanga ukubandlulula "i-Acquaviva" kusuka ku-"Tropea" kanye "no-Montoro" anyanisi. Mhlawumbe, lokhu kwehluka kungenxa yenani eliphansi le-PIC elitholwe (0.292), eliphakamisa ulwazi olujwayelekile olunesizotha lwendawo engaphansi kokuhlaziywa njengoba kufunwa [29]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuphenywe ubukhona besakhiwo esingaphansi kuqoqo labo lesi-Italian, bekungaba ngcono ukuhlaziya i-genotypes yesi-Italian ngokuhlukana nalo lonke iqoqo. Mhlawumbe bekuzovumela ukubona ngeso lengqondo iphethini yokuhlukahluka kofuzo okuxhumene nokuhlukaniswa kwendawo noma izici ngaphansi kokukhethwa kwamandla.
Sengiphetha, lolu cwaningo lumele umbiko ophelele mayelana ne-onion landrace ehlobene namagugu endawo kanye nokubaluleka kwezomnotho kubalimi. Imiphumela yethu igqamisa ukuthi, ngaphandle kokumbalwa, i-ARO ibonakala ngegebe lofuzo elichazwe kahle, elifanele ukulondolozwa engozini yokuguguleka kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngakho-ke, ukusungulwa kweqoqo elimele lo mthombo obalulekile wokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo bekubalulekile. Okokugcina, ukucaciswa kofuzo kanye ne-phenotypic ye-ARO kungase kube usizo ukuthola amamaki ekhwalithi evela ku-European Union.
Izimpahla nezindlela
Ukuqoqwa kweGermplasm, Material Yezitshalo, kanye Nokukhishwa kweDNA
Iqoqo labantu abangu-13 be-ARO landrace litholwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwephrojekthi Yesifunda sase-Apulia (BiodiverSO: https://www.biodiversitapuglia.it/), ngochungechunge lwemishini eyenziwa "e-Acquaviva delle Fonti", idolobhana lase-Apulian eSifundazweni sase-Bari, e-Italy. Izingosi zokuqoqa zokufinyelela ngakunye zadwetshwa ngoHlelo Lolwazi Lwendawo (GIS) futhi zabikwa kuThebula 4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu ababili abavela ku-TRO landrace kanye nenani elilodwa labantu abavela ku-MCO landrace bafakiwe ocwaningweni lwamanje futhi basetshenziswa njengezinkomba. Zonke izinto zezitshalo zatshalwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zemvelo epulazini lokuhlola i-“P Martucci” laseNyuvesi yase-Bari (41° 1'22.08″ N, 16°54'25.95″ E), ngaphansi kwekheji elivikelekile ukuze kugwenywe impova phakathi abantu kanye nokuqinisekisa impova phakathi kwabantu kusetshenziswa izimpukane (Lucilia Caesar). Izibalo zabantu eziyi-16 zaziphawulelwe izici ezihlobene nosayizi webulb nokuma nombala wesikhumba nenyama (Ithebula S1). Ukwengeza, ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe okuncibilikayo okuqinile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-refractometer ebanjwa ngesandla futhi ukufutheka kukalwa ngamasampula ejusi ka-anyanisi kwengeza i-2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (0.125% v/v ku-2N ye-HCl) kanye nokuhlola ukumunca ku-420 nm, njengoba kubikwe ngu [31]. Ukuhlolwa kobubanzi obuningi kwe-Duncan kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-SNK kwenziwe ukuze kutholwe ukuba khona komehluko obalulekile.
Ithebula 4. Uhlu Lwabantu Abaqoqiwe Futhi Babhalwa Nge-Genotype Kulolu cwaningo. Kubantu Bonke, Ikhodi Yokuhlonza, Igama Lendawo, I-GPS Coordinate, kanye Nebhange Lofuzo Eligcina Imbewu liyabikwa.
Ikhodi | Igama | I-GPS Coordinates | I-Gene Bank y |
I-ARO1 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°54’21.708″ N 16°49’1.631” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO2 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°53’14.28″ N 16°48’56.879” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO3 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°54’11.304″ N 16°49’13.079” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO4 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°54’3.348″ N 16°40’27.011” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO5 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°51’59.76″ N 16°53’0.527” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO6 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°52’48.72″ N 16°49’43.247” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO7 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°53’13.47″ N 16°50’23.783” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO8 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°53’18.816″ N 16°49’33.888” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO9 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°54'51.372″ N 16°49'3.504" E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO10 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°54’1.188″ N 16°49’24.311” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO11 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°52'49.8″ N 16°49'48.575" E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO12 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°52’38.892″ N 16°49’28.379” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-ARO13 | Cipolla rossa di Acquaviva | 40°53’21.768″ N 16°49’29.711” E | I-Di.SSPA |
I-TRO1 | Cipolla rossa lunga di Tropea | - | I-Di.SSPA |
I-TRO2 | Cipolla rossa tonda di Tropea | - | I-Di.SSPA |
I-MCO | I-Cipolla ramata di Montoro | - | I-Di.SSPA |
y Di.SSPA, Umnyango Wenhlabathi, Isayensi Yezitshalo Nezokudla, Inyuvesi yaseBari. |
Impahla yeqabunga yama-genotypes angama-20 ngenani labantu ngalinye yathathwa futhi yagcinwa ku -80 °C kuze kusetshenziswe. Okwezinhlobo ezicebile nge-polysaccharide, njenge A. Cepa, izinyathelo zokuqala zokususa i-polysaccharide zibalulekile ukuze uthole i-DNA yekhwalithi enhle, ngakho-ke ukugeza kokuqala ku-STE buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 0.03 M Tris, 0.05 M EDTA) kwenziwa njengoba kuchazwe [52]. Isamba se-DNA sakhishwa ngokulandela indlela ye-CTAB [53] futhi ekugcineni yahlolelwa ikhwalithi nokugxilisa ingqondo yi-Nano Drop 2000 UV-vis spectrophotometer (ThermoScientific, Waltham, MA, USA) kanye ne-0.8% yejeli ye-agarose electrophoresis.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-SSR
16 EST-SSR izinhlanganisela primer athuthukiswe ngu [54] futhi ngaphambilini ihlolwe ezifundweni zokuhlukahluka kofuzo ngu [43] futhi [44] kanye ne-21 genomic SSR [45-55] bahlolwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukufaneleka kwabo (Ithebula Le-Supplementary S4). I-Genotyping yenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokumaka ye-fluorescent yezomnotho lapho umsila we-M13 wengezwa ku-primer ngayinye ye-SSR eya phambili. [56]. Amamiksi e-PCR alungiswe ngokusabela okungu-20 gL okuqukethe: 50 ng wesamba se-DNA, 0.2 mM we-dNTP mix, 1X ye-PCR reaction buffer, 0.8 U ye-DreamTaq DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 0.16 gM ye-reverse primer , 0.032 gM ye-primer eya phambili enwetshwe ngokulandelana kwe-M13 (5′-TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT-3′), kanye no-0.08 gM we-Universal M13 primer enelebula ngo-FAM noma odayi be-fluorescent be-NED (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Ukusabela kwe-PCR kwenziwa ku-SimpliAmp (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) thermocycler enemibandela elandelayo kuningi lamapheya okuqala: 94 °C imizuzu emi-5, imijikelezo engu-40 ku-94 °C ngamasekhondi angu-30, 58 °C. kuma-45 s kanye no-72 °C kuma-45 s kanye nokwelulwa kokugcina ku-72 °C imizuzu emi-5. Ngokuqondene ne-ACM446 kanye ne-ACM449, i-PCR yokuthinta yasetshenziswa ngokufakwa kwe-60 °C kuya ku-55 °C phezu kwemijikelezo engu-10, imijikelezo engu-30 ku-55 °C, kulandelwa ukunwetshwa kokugcina kwemizuzu engu-5 ku-72 °C. Imikhiqizo ye-PCR yalayishwa epuletini elinemithombo engu-96 futhi yaxutshwa ne-14 gL ye-Hi-Di Formamide (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) kanye ne-0.5 gL GeneScan 500 ROX Size Standard (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Ama-amplicon axazululwe ngokusebenzisa i-ABI PRISM 3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) umshini wokulandelanisa wama-capillary, lapho ama-alleles atholwe njenganamandla futhi anikezwa ngokusebenzisa i-GeneMapper Software Version 3.7.
Amasoftware weGenAlEx 6.5 [57] kanye ne-Cervus 3.0.7 [58] zazisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa inani lama-alleles (Na), inani lama-allele asebenzayo (Ne), i-heterozygosity (Ho), i-heterozygosity elindelekile (He), okuqukethwe kolwazi lwe-polymorphic (PIC), inkomba yolwazi luka-Shannon (I), kanye nenkomba yokulungisa (Fis ) endaweni ngayinye ye-SSR.
Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlukahluka Kwezakhi Zofuzo
Ukwehlukaniswa okulandelanayo kokuhlukahluka kofuzo phakathi nangaphakathi kwenani lika-anyanisi kwahlolwa yi-GenAlEx 6.5 [57] ngokuhlaziywa kokuhluka kwamangqamuzana (AMOVA) nge-999 bootstrapping ukuze kuhlolwe ukubaluleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isofthiwe ye-GenAlEx 6.5 yasetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuhlukahluka phakathi kwenani labantu ngokwenza ikhompuyutha isilinganiso se-Ho, He, ne-Fis phezu kwayo yonke indawo ye-SSR.
Ukwakheka kwesibalo sabantu kutholwe yi-algorithm yokuhlanganisa esekwe kumodeli yase-Bayesi esetshenziswe kusofthiwe ye-STRUCTURE v.2.3.4 [59]. Isethi yedatha isetshenziswe nenani lamaqoqo okuqagela (K), asukela ku-1 kuye ku-10, abeka ama-run ayishumi azimele ivelu ngayinye engu-K. Emjahweni ngamunye, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwemiphumela, isikhathi sokuqala sokushiswa okungu-100,000 kanye nokuphindaphinda kwe-Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) okungu-100,000 (MCMC) kwenziwa ngaphansi kwemodeli ye-admixture kanye namafrikhwensi azimele phakathi kwabantu. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lika-K lanqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-AK, echazwe ngu [60], ohlelweni olusekelwe kuwebhu I-STRUCTURE HARVESTER [61]. Isibalo sabantu ngabanye sabelwa iqoqo elithile lapho i-coefficient yobulungu (q-value) ingaphezu kuka-0.7, ngaphandle kwalokho yayibhekwa njengozalo oluxubile.
Ukuhlaziywa kokudidiyelwa okuyinhloko kwenziwa ukuze kubonwe ngeso lengqondo amaphethini obudlelwano bezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwezinsiza ezivezwe i-matrix yebanga lofuzo ye-Nei (Ithebula Le-S5 elingeziwe). Ngokusekelwe kumafrikhwensi e-allele, kwakhiwa i-dendrogram yebanga lofuzo kusetshenziswa indlela yeqembu elingenasisindo elinokulinganisa okumaphakathi kwe-arithmetic (UPGMA) ku-software ye-POPTREEW. [62]. I-Bootstrapping yasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuzethemba ekuqoqweni okulandelanayo, kusethwa ukusampula kabusha okungu-100 kwesethi yedatha. Ekugcineni, isoftware ye-MEGA X [63] yayisetshenziswa njengesofthiwe yokudweba isihlahla.
Izinto ezingeziwe: Okulandelayo kuyatholakala ku-inthanethi http://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/2/260/s1. Ithebula S1: I-morphological characterization yama-ARO, i-MCO, nama-TRO bulb. Ithebula S2: I-Heterozygosity kanye nezinkomba zokulungisa zibalelwa ama-ARO landraces kanye ne-TRO ne-MCO landraces. Ithebula S3: Amanani ahamba ngamabili epharamitha ye-Fpt. Ithebula S4: Uhlu lwama-SSR asetshenziswe ocwaningweni. Ithebula S5. I-Pairwise population matrix yebanga lofuzo lwe-Nei. Umfanekiso S1: Ishadi lomugqa lamanani angu-K ashintshayo nge-Delta K ka-Evanno.
Iminikelo Yomlobi: I-CL kanye ne-LR yenze ucwaningo futhi yaklama isilingo; I-CL ne-PI yenze ukuhlaziya umaka wamangqamuzana; I-ARM kanye ne-VZ yenze izivivinyo zasensimini; I-RM, i-SP, i-GR, ne-CL bezihileleke ekuhlaziyeni idatha; U-RM no-CL babhale lo mbhalo wesandla. Bonke ababhali bafundile futhi bavumelana nenguqulo eshicilelwe yombhalo wesandla.
Imali: Lo msebenzi uxhaswe iphrojekthi ye-Regional Apulian “Biodiversity of Apulian Vegetables yemifino”—Programma di Sviluppo Rurale per la Puglia 2014-2020. I-Misura 10—Sottomisura 10.2; nikeza i-CUP H92C15000270002, Italy.
Amazwi okubonga: Ukubonga kungenxa ye-“Azienda Agricola Iannone Anna” kanye ne-“Associazione produttori della vera cipolla rossa di Acquaviva” ngokuhlinzeka ngezinto zezitshalo ezisetshenziswe ekuhloleni.
Izingxabano zesithakazelo: Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.
Okubhekwayo
- 1. Stearn, WT Zingaki izinhlobo ze-Allium ezaziwayo? Kuhle Mag. 1992, 9, 180-182. [CrossRef]
- 2. I-FAOSTAT. I-FAO Statistical Database. Itholakala ku-inthanethi: http://www.fao.org/2017 (kufinyelelwe ku-8 Januwari 2019).
- 3. Vimba, E. Ikhemikhali kagalikhi no-anyanisi. Isayensi Am. 1985, 252, 114-119. [CrossRef]
- 4. Lee, B.; Jung, JH; Kim, HS Ukuhlolwa kuka-anyanisi obomvu kumsebenzi we-antioxidant kumagundane. Ukudla Chem. I-Toxicol. 2012, 50, I-3912-3919. [CrossRef]
- 5. U-Lee, SM; Inyanga, J.; Chung, JH; Cha, YJ; I-Shin, MJ Umphumela we-quercetin ocebile wekhasi lika-anyanisi okhishwe ku-arterial thrombosis kumagundane. Ukudla Chem. I-Toxicol. 2013, 57, I-99-105. [CrossRef] [I-PubMed]
- 6. Yoshinari, O.; Shiojima, Y.; Igarashi, K. Imiphumela yokulwa nokukhuluphala kwe-anyanisi ekhishwe kumagundane anamafutha esifo sikashukela se-zucker. Amakhemikhali 2012, 4,1518-1526. [CrossRef]
- 7. Akash, MSH; Rehman, K.; I-Chen, i-S. Spice plant i-Allium cepa: Isengezo sokudla sokwelapha uhlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela. Nutrition 2014, 30, 1128-1137. [CrossRef] [I-PubMed]
- 8. Wang, Y.; Tian, WX; Ma, XF Inhibitory Effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) khipha ekwandeni kwamaseli omdlavuza nama-adipocyte ngokuvimbela i-fatty acid synthase. I-Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012,13, I-5573-5579. [CrossRef] [I-PubMed]
- 9. Lai, WW; Hsu, SC; Chueh, FS; Chen, YY; Yang, JS; Lin, JP; I-Lien, JC; Tsai, CH; I-Chung, i-JG Quercetin ivimbela ukufuduka nokuhlasela kwamaseli omdlavuza womlomo womuntu we-SAS ngokuvinjelwa kwe-NF-kappaB kanye ne-matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 izindlela zokusayina. I-Anticancer Res. 2013, 33, 1941-1950. [I-PubMed]
- 10. uNicastro, HL; Ross, SA; Milner, JA Garlic kanye no-anyanisi: Izakhiwo zabo zokuvimbela umdlavuza. Umdlavuza Prev. I-Res. 2015, 8,181-189. [CrossRef]
- 11. Forte, L.; Torricelli, P.; Boanini, E.; Gazzano, M.; Rubini, K.; Fini, M.; I-Bigi, A. I-Antioxidant kanye nezakhiwo zokulungisa amathambo ze-quercetin-functionalized hydroxyapatite: Ucwaningo lwe-in vitro osteoblast-osteoclast-endothelial cell co-culture. I-Acta Biomater. 2016, 32, I-298-308. [CrossRef]
- 12. Yamazaki, Y.; Iwasaki, K.; Mikami, M.; I-Yagihashi, A. Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-precursors e-flavour ayishumi nanye, okuphuma ku-S-Alk(en)yl-L-cysteine, emifino eyisikhombisa ye-Allium. Ukudla Sci. Ubuchwepheshe. I-Res. 2011, 17, I-55-62. [CrossRef]
- 13. Block, E. Ikhemikhali ye-organosulphur ye-Genus Allium—Imithelela kukhemikhali yemvelo yesibabule. Angew. I-Chem. Int. U-Ed. IsiNgisi. 1992, 31, 1135-1178. [CrossRef]
- 14. Griffiths, G.; Trueman, L.; Crowther, T.; Thomas, B.; Smith, B. Onions-Inzuzo yomhlaba wonke kwezempilo. I-Phytother. I-Res. 2002,16, I-603-615. [CrossRef]
- 15. Schwimmer, S.; Weston, WJ Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Enzymatic kwe-pyruvic acid ku-anyanisi njengesilinganiso sokuvutha. J. Agric. Ukudla Chem. 1961, 9, I-301-304. [CrossRef]
- 16. Ketter, CAT; Randle, WM Pungency assessment ku-anyanisi. Ku Izifundo Ezihloliwe Zokufundisa Kwaselabhorethri; Karcher, SJ, Ed.; I-Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE): New York, NY, USA, 1998; Umqulu 19, amakhasi 177-196.
- 17. Hanelt, P Taxonomy, evolution, kanye nomlando. Ku U-anyanisi Nezitshalo Ezihlangene, Umq. I. Izitshalo, iPhysiology kanye neGenetics; Rabinowitch, HD, Brewster, JL, Eds.; CRC Cindezela: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1990; amakhasi 1-26.
- 18. Rabinowitch, HD; Kura, L. Isayensi Yezitshalo Ye-Allium: Intuthuko Yakamuva; Ukushicilelwa kwe-CABI: Wallingford, UK, 2002.
- 19. UMalor, C.; Carravedo, M.; Estopanan, G.; Mallor, F. Isimilo semithombo yofuzo ka-anyanisi (Allium cepa L.) kusuka esikhungweni sesibili seSpanishi sokuhlukahluka. I-span. J. Agric. I-Res. 2011, 9, 144-155. [CrossRef]
- 20. Ferioli, F.; D'Antuono, LF Ukuhlolwa kwe-phenolics kanye ne-cysteine sulfoxides ku-anyanisi wendawo kanye ne-shallot germplasm evela e-Italy nase-Ukraine. Genet. Umthombo. Nqampuna i-Evol. 2016, 63, I-601-614. [CrossRef]
- 21. Petropoulos, SA; UFernandes, A.; Barros, L.; Ferreira, ICFR; Incazelo ye-Ntatsi, G. Morphological, nutrition and chemical of 'vatikiotiko', indawo ka-anyanisi etholakala eGreece. Ukudla Chem. 2015,182, 156-163. [CrossRef]
- 22. Liguori, L.; Adiletta, G.; Nazzaro, F.; Fratianni, F.; Di Matteo, M.; I-Albanese, D. Biochemical, izakhiwo ze-antioxidant kanye nomsebenzi we-antimicrobial wezinhlobo ezahlukene zika-anyanisi endaweni yaseMedithera. J. Ukudla Izindlela. Isimilo. 2019,13, 1232-1241. [CrossRef]
- 23. Yoo, KS; Pike, L.; Crosby, K.; Jones, R.; Leskovar, D. Umehluko ku-anyanisi pungency ngenxa yezitshalo, indawo yokukhula, nosayizi bamabulb. Isayensi. I-Hortic. 2006,110, 144-149. [CrossRef]
- 24. Beesk, N.; Perner, H.; Schwarz, D.; George, E.; Kroh, LW; Rohn, S. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-quercetin-3, 4'-O-diglucoside, quercetin-4'-O-monoglucoside, ne-quercetin ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesibani sika-anyanisi (Allium cepa L.) okuthonywa i-genotype. Ukudla Chem. 2010,122, I-566-571. [CrossRef]
- 25. Caruso, G.; Conti, S.; Villari, G.; Borrelli, C.; UMelchionna, G.; Minutolo, M.; Russo, G.; Amalfitano, C. Imiphumela yesikhathi sokufakelwa kabusha kanye nokuminyana kwezitshalo esivunweni, ikhwalithi kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-antioxidant ka-anyanisi (Allium cepa L.) eningizimu ye-Italy. Isayensi. I-Hortic. 2014,166, 111-120. [CrossRef]
- 26. Perez-Gregorio, MR; Regueiro, J.; Simal-Gandara, J.; Rodrigues, AS; Almeida, DPF Ukwandisa inani elingeziwe lika-anyanisi njengomthombo we-antioxidant flavonoids: Ukubuyekezwa okubalulekile. Crit. IsAm. Food Sci. I-Nutr. 2014, 54,1050-1062. [CrossRef] [I-PubMed]
- 27. Pohnl, T.; Schweiggert, RM; I-Carle, R. Umthelela wendlela yokulima nokukhetha uhlobo lwe-cultivar kuma-carbohydrate ancibilikayo nezimiso ezihlabayo ku-anyanisi (Allium cepa L.). J. Agric. Ukudla Chem. 2018, 66, 12827-12835. [CrossRef] [I-PubMed]
- 28. Tedesco, I.; Carbone, V.; Spagnuolo, C.; Minasi, P.; I-Russo, i-GL Identification kanye ne-quantification yama-flavonoid avela ezitshalweni ezimbili zase-Italy eziseningizimu. I-Allium cepa L., Tropea (anyanisi obomvu) kanye neMontoro (u-anyanisi wethusi), kanye namandla abo okuvikela ama-erythrocyte abantu ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative. J. Agric. Ukudla Chem. 2015, 63, I-5229-5238. [CrossRef]
- 29. UVillano, C.; Esposito, S.; UCarucci, F.; Frusciante, L.; Carputo, D.; I-Aversano, R. High-throughput genotyping ku-anyanisi iveza ukwakheka kokuhlukahluka kofuzo kanye nama-SNP afundisayo awusizo ekuzaleni kwamangqamuzana. UMol. Zalisa. 2019, 39, 5. [CrossRef]
- 30. UMercati, F.; Longo, C.; Poma, D.; U-Araniti, F.; Lupini, A.; UMammano, MM; Fiore, MC; Abenavoli, MR; I-Sunseri, F Ukwehluka kofuzo lukatamatisi we-Italian wempilo ende yeshelufu (I-Solanum lycopersicum L.) ukuqoqwa ngokusebenzisa i-SSR kanye nezici zezithelo ze-morphological. Genet. Umthombo. Nqampuna i-Evol. 2014, 62, I-721-732. [CrossRef]
- 31. Gonzalez-Perez, S.; I-Malor, C.; Garces-Claver, A.; Merino, F.; Taboada, A.; Rivera, A.; Pomar, F.; Perovic, D.; USilvar, C. Ihlola ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kanye nezici zekhwalithi eqoqweni lika-anyanisi (Allium cepa L.) izindawo zokuhlala ezivela enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSpain. I-Genetics 2015, 47, I-885-900. [CrossRef]
- 32. Loti, C.; Iovieno, P.; Centomani, I.; Marcotrigiano, AR; Fanelli, V.; Mimiola, G.; Summo, C.; Pavan, S.; I-Ricciardi, L. Genetic, bio-agronomic, kanye ne-nutritional characterization of kale (I-Brassica oleracea L. var. i-acephala) ukuhlukahluka e-Apulia, eNingizimu ne-Italy. Diversity 2018,10, 25. [CrossRef]
- 33. Bardaro, N.; Marcotrigiano, AR; Bracuto, V.; Mazzeo, R.; Ricciardi, F.; uLoti, C.; Pavan, S.; Ricciardi, L. Ukuhlaziywa kofuzo lokuphikiswa Orobanche crenata (Forsk.) kuphizi (I-Pisum sativum L.) umugqa ophansi we-strigolactone. I-J. Plant Pathol. 2016, 98, 671-675.
- 34. Wako, T.; Tsukazaki, H.; Yaguchi, S.; Yamashita, K.; Ithi, S.; I-Shigyo, M. Imephu ye-quantitative trait loci yokubopha isikhathi sokuhlanganisa u-anyanisi (I-Allium fistulosum L.). I-Euphytica 2016, 209, I-537-546. [CrossRef]
- 35. Dhaka, N.; Mukhopadhyay, A.; Paritosh, K.; Gupta, V.; Pental, D.; I-Pradhan, i-AK Ukuhlonza ama-SSR ahlakaniphile kanye nokwakhiwa kwemephu yokuxhumana esekelwe ku-SSR ku I-Brassica juncea. I-Euphytica 2017, 213, I-15. [CrossRef]
- 36. Anandhan, S.; Mote, SR; Gopal, J. Ukuhlolwa kwe-anyanisi varietal identity kusetshenziswa omaka be-SSR. Imbewu Sci. Ubuchwepheshe. 2014, 42, I-279-285. [CrossRef]
- 37. UMitrova, K.; Svoboda, P.; Ovesna, J. Ukukhethwa nokuqinisekiswa kwesethi yomaka yokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zika-anyanisi ezivela e-Czech Republic. IsiCzech J. Genet. I-Plant Breed. 2015, 51, I-62-67. [CrossRef]
- 38. Di Rienzo, V.; Miazzi, MM; Fanelli, V.; Sabetta, W.; Montemurro, C. Ukulondolozwa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Apulian olive germplasm biodiversity. I-Acta Hortic. 2018,1199,1-6. [CrossRef]
- 39. UMalor, C.; U-Arnedo-Andres, A.; Garces-Claver, A. Ihlola ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kweSpanishi I-Allium cepa izindawo zokuzalanisa u-anyanisi kusetshenziswa omaka microsatellite. Isayensi. I-Hortic. 2014,170, 24-31. [CrossRef]
- 40. Rivera, A.; I-Malor, C.; Garces-Claver, A.; Garcia-Ulloa, A.; Pomar, F.; USilvar, C. Ukuhlola ukuhlukahluka kofuzo ku-anyanisi (I-Allium cepa L.) ama-landscaces asuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSpain futhi aqhathaniswe nokuhlukahluka kwe-European. I-NZJ Crop Hortic. 2016, 44, 103-120. [CrossRef]
- 41. De Giovanni, C.; Pavan, S.; Taranto, F.; Di Rienzo, V.; Miazzi, MM; Marcotrigiano, AR; Mangini, G.; Montemurro, C.; Ricciardi, L.; I-Lotti, C. Ukuhluka kofuzo lweqoqo le-germplasm yomhlaba wonke lechickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) kufaka phakathi ukungena kwe-Italy engcupheni yokuguguleka kofuzo. I-Physiol. UMol. I-Biol. Izitshalo 2017, 23, 197-205. [CrossRef]
- 42. UMazzeo, R.; Morges, A.; Sonnante, G.; uZuluaga, DL; Pavan, S.; Ricciardi, L.; I-Lotti, C. Ukuhlukahluka kofuzo ku-broccoli rabe (Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris (L.) Janch.) evela eNingizimu ne-Italy. Isayensi. I-Hortic. 2019, 253, 140-146. [CrossRef]
- 43. Jakse, M.; UMartin, W.; McCallum, J.; I-Havey, M. I-polymorphisms ye-nucleotide eyodwa, ama-indel, nokuphindaphinda kokulandelana okulula kokuhlonza i-cultivar ka-anyanisi. J. Am. I-Soc. I-Hortic. Isayensi. 2005,130, I-912-917. [CrossRef]
- 44. McCallum, J.; Thomson, S.; Pither-Joyce, M.; I-Kenel, F. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukahluka kofuzo kanye nokuthuthukiswa komaka we-nucleotide polymorphism ku-anyanisi otshaliwe ngokusekelwe kumaka okuphindaphinda amathegi alandelanayo. J. Am. I-Soc. I-Hortic. Isayensi. 2008,133, I-810-818. [CrossRef]
- 45. Baldwin, S.; Pither-Joyce, M.; Wright, K.; Chen, L.; McCallum, J. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu eziphindayo zokulandelana kwe-genomic ezilula zokulinganisa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo ngaphakathi naphakathi kwe-bulb anyanisi (Allium cepa L.) abantu. UMol. Zalisa. 2012, 30, 1401-1411. [CrossRef]
- 46. DeWoody, JA; I-Honeycutt, i-RL; I-Skow, Omaka be-LC Microsatellite enyamazaneni enomsila omhlophe. J. Hered. 1995, 86, 317-319. [CrossRef] [I-PubMed]
- 47. Khodadadi, M.; I-Hassanpanah, D. anyanisi wase-Iranian (Allium cepa L.) Izimpendulo ze-cultivars ekucindezelekeni kwe-inbreeding. I-World Appl. Isayensi. J. 2010,11, I-426-428.
- 48. Abdou, R.; Bakasso, Y.; Saadou, M.; Baudoin, JP; Hardy, OJ Ukuhlukahluka kofuzo luka-anyanisi waseNiger (Allium cepa L.) ihlolwe ngomaka abaphindayo abalandelanayo (SSR). I-Acta Hortic. 2016,1143, 77-90. [CrossRef]
- 49. Pavan, S.; uLoti, C.; Marcotrigiano, AR; Mazzeo, R.; Bardaro, N.; Bracuto, V.; Ricciardi, F.; Taranto, F.; D'Agostino, N.; Schiavulli, A.; et al. Iqoqo elihlukile lezakhi zofuzo ku-chickpea elitshaliwe njengoba kuvezwe ukutholwa komaka okubanzi kwe-genome kanye ne-genotyping. I-Genome Yezitshalo 2017, 2017,10. [CrossRef]
- 50. Pavan, S.; Marcotrigiano, AR; Ciani, E.; Mazzeo, R.; Zonno, V.; Ruggieri, V.; uLoti, C.; Ricciardi, L. Genotyping-ngokulandelana kwekhabe (Cucumis melo L.) Iqoqo le-germplasm elivela esikhungweni sesibili sokuhlukahluka ligqamisa amaphethini okuhlukahluka kofuzo nezici zofuzo zamaqoqo ezakhi zofuzo ahlukene. I-BMC Genom. 2017, 18, 59. [CrossRef]
- 51. Di Rienzo, V.; Siyoni, S.; Taranto, F.; D'Agostino, N.; Montemurro, C.; Fanelli, V.; Sabetta, W.; Boucheffa, S.; Tamendjari, A.; Pasqualone, A.; et al. Ukugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu beminqumo ngaphakathi kolwandle lwaseMedithera. Peer J. 2018, 6. [CrossRef]
- 52. Umalusi, LD; I-McLay, TG Amaphrothokholi amabili anesilinganiso esincane sokuhlukaniswa kwe-DNA nezicubu zezitshalo ezinothe nge-polysaccharide. J. Plant Res. 2011,124, I-311-314. [CrossRef]
- 53. Doyle, JJ; Doyle, JL Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-DNA yezitshalo ezicutshini ezintsha. Focus 1990,12, 13-14.
- 54. Kuhl, JC; Cheung, F.; Qiaoping, Y.; UMartin, W.; Zewdie, Y.; McCallum, J.; Catanach, A.; Rutherford, P.; Isinki, KC; Jenderek, M.; et al. Isethi eyingqayizivele yamathegi okulandelana kuka-anyanisi angu-11,008 aveza ukulandelana okuveziwe kanye nomehluko we-genomic phakathi kwama-oda we-monocot ama-asparagale nama-poales. Iseli Lesitshalo 2004,16, I-114-125. [CrossRef]
- 55. UKim, HJ; U-Lee, u-HR; Hyun, JY; Ingoma, KH; Kim, KH; Kim, JE; Hur, CG; I-Harn, i-CH Marker ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka kofuzo luka-anyanisi kusetshenziswa i-SSR Finder. Korean J. Breed. Isayensi. 2012, 44, I-421-432. [CrossRef]
- 56. Schuelke, M. Indlela yezomnotho yokulebula nge-fluorescent yezingcezu ze-PCR. Nat. I-Biotechnol. 2000, 18, I-233-234. [CrossRef] [I-PubMed]
- 57. Peakall, R.; I-Smouse, i-PE GenAlEx 6.5: Ukuhlaziywa kofuzo ku-Excel. Isofthiwe yofuzo yabantu abaningi yokufundisa nokucwaninga: Isibuyekezo. Bioinformatics 2012, 28, I-2537-2539. [CrossRef] [I-PubMed]
- 58. Kalinowski, ST; Taper, ML; Marshall, TC Ukubuyekeza ukuthi uhlelo lwekhompuyutha i-CERVUS ifaka kanjani iphutha le-genotyping kukhulisa impumelelo kusabelo sobaba. UMol. I-Ecol. 2007,16, 1099-1106. [CrossRef]
- 59. Pritchard, JK; Stephens, M.; I-Rosenberg, NA; Donnelly, P. Association imephu kubantu abahlelekile. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2000, 67, 170-181. [CrossRef]
- 60. U-Evanno, G.; Regnaut, S.; Goudet, J. Ithola inani lamaqoqo abantu ngabanye abasebenzisa i-software STRUCTURE: Ucwaningo lokulingisa. UMol. I-Ecol. 2005,14, I-2611-2620. [CrossRef]
- 61. Earl, D.; I-VonHoldt, B. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: Isizindalwazi nohlelo lokubona ngeso lengqondo umphumela we-STRUCTURE nokusebenzisa indlela ye-Evanno. Gcina. Genet. Umthombo. 2011, 4. [CrossRef]
- 62. Takezaki, N.; Noma, M.; Tamura, K. POPTREEW: Inguqulo yewebhu ye-POPTREE yokwakha izihlahla zabantu kusukela kudatha yefrikhwensi ye-allele kanye nokwenza ikhompuyutha amanye amanani. UMol. I-Biol. I-Evol. 2014, 31, 1622-1624. [CrossRef]
- 63. Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Li, M.; Knyaz, C.; Tamura, K. MEGA X. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Zemolekyuli kuzo zonke izinkundla zekhompuyutha. UMol. I-Biol. I-Evol. 2018, 35, 1547-1549. [CrossRef]