Ukudla kokuqala okushintshwe izakhi zofuzo okwake kwenziwa ukuthi kutholakale izikhangiso emphakathini kwakuwutamatisi, owasungulwa e-US ngo-1994. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwadalwa izinhlobo eziningi zokudla okuguquliwe, okuhlanganisa ummbila, ukotini, amazambane kanye nophayinaphu obomvana.
Nakuba ukudla okushintshwe izakhi zofuzo kusathola i-rap embi, empeleni kunezizathu eziningi ezinhle zokuthi kungani ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo kungase kuzuze. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo eziningi zokudla okushintshwe izakhi ziye zazenza ukumelana kakhulu nezifo.
Kungenzeka futhi ukushintsha ukudla kube zenze zibe nomsoco. Thatha isibonelo irayisi legolide. Lokhu okusanhlamvu kwenziwa ukuthi kube namazinga aphezulu kavithamini A, ukuze ukulwa nokushoda kwalesi sakhi emazweni ampofu.
Kodwa naphezu kwakho konke ukuthuthuka kokudla okushintshwe izakhi kusukela ngo-1994, imbalwa imikhiqizo efinyelele emakethe. Ukungazi okuqhubekayo komphakathi jikelele mayelana nemikhiqizo ye-GM kanye nokungabaza kwabenzi bezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni kwamanye amazwe kuye kwakhinyabeza inqubekelaphambili yokudla okushintshwe izakhi zofuzo ukusuka elebhu kuya emakethe. Yingakho i- ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho katamatisi onsomi e-US kulo Septhemba kuyajabulisa kakhulu.
Ukwenza utamatisi onsomi
Eminyakeni engu-14 edlule, Cathie Martin futhi Eugenio Butelli kusukela e-John Innes Centre eNorfolk, eNgilandi, nethimba labo bebelokhu besebenzela ukuthuthukisa utamatisi onsomi. Inhloso yabo kwakuwukwakha utamatisi owawunamazinga aphezulu e-anthocyanins—ongasetshenziswa kanye notamatisi ongashintshiwe ukuze kufundwe izinzuzo ze-anthocyanins. Iqembu likhethe ukushintsha utamatisi ngoba izithelo zimnandi futhi zidliwa kakhulu.
Ama-anthocyanins avela ngokwemvelo ezithelo nasemifino eminingi enenyama ebomvu, ensomi noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ikhasi-njengama-blueberries, ama-strawberry, ama-aubergines namaklabishi abomvu. Ukuze ukhiqize utamatisi onsomi, iqembu izakhi zofuzo kusuka kuma-snapdragons ku-DNA katamatisi.
Umphumela walokhu kuhlola wawuyisithelo esiyingqayizivele—hhayi nje ngenxa yombala waso. Baphinde baphumelela ekwenzeni utamatisi wobunjiniyela owawunamazinga aphezulu e-anthocyanins—eliqhathaniswa nenani elitholakala kumajikijolo aluhlaza—okunenzuzo ngezizathu eziningana.
Amazinga aphezulu e-anthocyanins kutamatisi onsomi ayasebenza ngempela kabili impilo yabo yeshalofu uma kuqhathaniswa notamatisi obomvu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-anthocyanins isiza ukubambezela ukuvuthwa ngokweqile futhi inciphise ukungenwa kwesithelo ekuhlaseleni ukhunta ngemva kokuvuna.
Enye inzuzo amazinga aphezulu e-anthocyanins ukuthi aheha ama-pollinators nezilwane ukuthi zihlakaze imbewu, okwandisa impumelelo yokuzala kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno sazo. Ama-anthocyanins nawo avikela izitshalo kuwo Ukulimala kwe-UV futhi zivikele emagciwaneni, okwandisa ukusinda kwabo.
I-Anthocyanins ingase ibe yinhle empilweni yakho. Ucwaningo olumayelana nokunye ukudla okuqukethe lubahlobanise nokuvuvukala okuphansi, ingozi ephansi yohlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela kanye umdlavuza. Bangase futhi vikela ubuchopho ngokumelene nesifo, njengokuwohloka komqondo.
Nakuba kusaqhutshekwa nezifundo ngezinzuzo zikatamatisi onsomi ikakhulukazi kubantu, olunye ucwaningo olwadlisa amagundane athambekele kumdlavuza ukudla okuhlanganiswe notamatisi onsomi lwathola ukuthi waphila isikhathi eside ngo-30%. uma kuqhathaniswa namagundane anikezwe utamatisi obomvu.
Ikusasa le-GM
Kube nentuthuko eminingi ethokozisayo emkhakheni wokudla kweGM eminyakeni embalwa edlule, okuhlanganisa neyokuqala utamatisi we-GABA ohlelwe nge-genome eJapan nase i-vitamin D enothile utamatisi e-UK. Zombili zakhiwe ngokusebenzisa CRISPR genome-editing technology.
Ukuguqulwa kofuzo kunganikeza izinzuzo eziningi. Akugcini nje ngokusisiza ukuthi sibhekane nezinselelo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokuthuthukisa izitshalo ezikwazi ukuqina, ukuzalanisa izitshalo ezinamazinga aphezulu athile amavithamini namaminerali ingase isivumele ukuba sithuthukise impilo futhi sehlise umthwalo wezifo eziningi ezivamile. Futhi, izitshalo ze-GM zingasisiza siqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlala kuphi, uyakwazi ukufinyelela izinga eliphezulu umkhiqizo omusha lokho kuhle kubo kanye nemvelo.
Ukudla kwe-GM nakho kulawulwa ngokuqinile emazweni amaningi, okusho ukuthi noma yimiphi imikhiqizo ekhona kugunyazwe ukusetshenziswa ziphephile empilweni yabantu, yezitshalo neyezilwane.
Inselele enkulu manje ukuthola ohulumeni abengeziwe emhlabeni wonke ukuthi bagunyaze lokhu kudla okushintshwe izakhi zofuzo ukuthi kudayiswe. Nakuba i-UK ingaphambi kwamanye amazwe uma kuziwa ukulawulwa kwezitshalo ezihlelwe ngofuzo, okwamanje akwaziwa ukuthi utamatisi we-GM purple uzothengiswa yini lapho. Kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi utamatisi onsomi uzotholakala ukuze athengiswe e-US kuze kufike ku-2023.