Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke abhekene noma azobhekana nemithelela egcwele yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. INingizimu Melika, okuyikhaya lomfula wesibili ngobukhulu nezintaba ezinde kunawo wonke emhlabeni, iyisibonelo sokuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji kanye nezindawo zemvelo ezizalanisa izinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni, zasolwandle, nezasemanzini futhi zidala indawo ehlukahlukene yezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga izwekazi elibhekene nazo ziningi - kusukela ezindabeni ze-hydrometeorological, ukwanda kogwadule, nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, kuya ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, amazwe amaningi afunda ukuzivumelanisa nesimo esishintshayo. Nazi izindaba ezi-5 eziphezulu zezemvelo eNingizimu Melika.
-
5 Izinkinga Zemvelo eNingizimu Melika
1. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi
Waziwa ngo enye yezinkinga ezinkulu zezemvelo esikhathini sokuphila kwethu, inkinga yokugawulwa kwamahlathi isaqhubeka nokuhlupha Amahlathi emvula aseBrazil ase-Amazon. Kodwa lesi sifunda akusona sodwa esibhekene nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic. IGran Chaco, ihlathi lesibili ngobukhulu kuleli zwekazi, belingaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ihlathi lendabuko elomile kancane, elihlanganisa amakhilomitha angaphezu kwesigidi e-Argentina, Paraguay, neBolivia, lilahlekile. ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwesihlanu yamahlathi ayo (cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-140,000 noma 54,000 wamamayela-skwele) kusukela ngo-1985. Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yezemvelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi endaweni yaseGran Chaco kusongela ukuphila kwabazingeli boMdabu. Ngokusho kweNatural Resources Defence Council, 27 kuya ku-43% yezwe lasePeru, eBolivia, eChile nase-Ecuador lithintwa ukulahlekelwa kwamahlathi okudlangile.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwaziwa ngokukhulisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokukhiphela isikhutha esiningi emkhathini, okunezela ukucindezela ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo. Esifundeni saseGran Chaco ikakhulukazi, kube nokuncipha okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane, okuhlanganisa i-South American Jaguar kanye ne-Screaming Hairy Armadillo.
Nakuba kuthathwa izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokunqanda nokuxazulula lolu daba, kube namaqembu amaningi afuna ukwenza imephu nokuqonda umonakalo odalwe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Iphrojekthi yeLanloss, edidiyelwe yiNyuvesi yase-Ca' Foscari e-Venice, e-Italy, ihlose ukubeka imephu izinga lokugawulwa kwamahlathi kusetshenziswa izithombe zesathelayithi nokucwaninga ngomthelela wako emiphakathini yendawo. UDkt. Tamar Blickstein, ohola le phrojekthi, uhlose ukuhlanganisa izithombe zesathelayithi nemibono yabantu ngendlela yokulandisa okuxoxa indaba, ngethemba lokuqwashisa ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi esifundeni saseGran Chaco futhi kuqhutshekwe nokufundisa imiphakathi yendawo. Hlanganisa, enye iphrojekthi eyaphela ngo-2021, exhaswe ngezimali yiNyuvesi yaseBern eSwitzerland, yafunda ukusebenzisana okunamandla phakathi kwezinto zobuchwepheshe, ezemvelo, nezomnotho kanye nomthelela wazo ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba nezinqumo zasendlini esifundazweni saseSalta eGran Chaco.
2. Ukuguguleka komhlabathi
Ukuguguleka komhlaba, okuwumphumela oqondile wokugawulwa kwamahlathi, okwamanje kuthinta umhlabathi ongaphezu kwama-60% waseNingizimu Melika futhi sekuqalile nokusongela umhlabathi. ukuphepha kokudla ezwenikazi. Amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 omhlaba athinteke kabi futhi cishe i-18% yendawo esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil yehlisiwe. Ngaso, izitshalo ezibalulekile zokudla okubalulekile njengommbila nobhontshisi nazo zaba sengozini.
Isinyathelo se-Adapta Sertão, umfelandawonye wezinhlangano nabalimi abancane badalelwa ukusebenzisa amasu okuvuselela indawo ezungezile endaweni eyi-Sertão egwadule, enye yezindawo ezome kakhulu e-Brazil. Ezinye zezindlela ezisetshenziswa kulolu hlelo zihlanganisa i-agroforestry amasistimu, izitshalo zokumboza, kanye nezinhlelo zokuchelela ezithuthukisiwe zokukhiqiza ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo wokuphakelwa kwezilwane.
Ngaphandle kweBrazil, ngaphezu kwengxenye yezwe e-Argentina, eMexico naseParaguay kubhekwa njengokungakufanelekeli ukulinywa. NgokukaJosé Miguel Torrico, umxhumanisi we-UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) yaseLatin America naseCaribbean, izindleko zaminyaka yonke zokucekelwa phansi komhlaba eLatin America naseCaribbean zilinganiselwa ukuthi $ 60 billion.
Ukuguguleka komhlabathi nakho kube yingozi enkulu endaweni yase-Argentina kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuwohloka kwendawo yase-Argentina kubonakale ngenxa yokuqina kwezolimo, ukufuywa kwemfuyo, kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba ezweni. Ngokusho kwe-2020 umbiko eshicilelwe uMnyango Wezemvelo, amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-100 endaweni ephelele yamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-270 athintwa ukuguguleka komhlabathi, futhi amazinga okuguguleka anyuke cishe ngamahektha ayizigidi ezimbili ngonyaka. Lokhu kudalwe ukwanda kwezolimo zikabhontshisi kanye nokudlisa ngokweqile ezindaweni eziningi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlangano zendawo kanye nezinhlangano ziye zahlanganisa imizamo yokubuyisela nokugcina izindawo esifundeni. Enye yalezo zinhlangano, iNetwork of Municipality for Agroecology (RENAMA), kuhlanganise ndawonye izindawo eziningi zase-Argentina nabakhiqizi ukuthi basebenzise izindlela ezintsha zokwenza i-agroecological endaweni engaphezu kwamahektha ayi-100,000 omhlaba. Lo mkhuba uhlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa ngendlela eyongayo kwebhayoloji phezu kwamakhemikhali okufakwayo, kanye nokulima ngendlela yokonga.
3. Ukuncibilika Kweqhwa
Emazweni amaningana aseNingizimu Melika, izinguzunga zeqhwa ziwumthombo obalulekile wamanzi ahlanzekile asetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, imisebenzi yezolimo, ukuphehla ugesi, nokongiwa kwesimiso semvelo. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, i-Andes eshisayo (i-Andes yaseChile neyase-Argentina) ibihlehla, futhi isisindo seqhwa sehle ngezinga elishaqisayo, ngomkhuba ongemuhle webhalansi wesisindo esingamamitha angu-0.97 wamanzi alingana minyaka yonke emashumini amathathu eminyaka edlule. Lokhu kuncibilika okuqhubekayo, kanye nezinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo, kubangela usongo olukhulu ekuvikelekeni kwamanzi phakathi kwabantu base-Andean kanye nesimiso semvelo.
IPeru iphinde yalahlekelwa ngaphezu kwama-40% ezinguzunga zayo zeqhwa. ILake Palcacocha emaphakathi ne-Andes yasePeru isikhule izikhathi ezingama-34 ngobukhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amane kuphela, ondliwa ngamanzi ancibilikayo e-Palcaraju ice sheet.
Isifunda esizungeze iLake Palcacocha sabona inhlekelele yezikhukhula ngeminyaka yawo-1940 eyadlula nemiphefumulo yabantu abayi-1,800 edolobheni elingumakhelwane iHuaraz. Ngokusho kuka-a cwaningo okwenziwa ososayensi base-Oxford University kanye naseNyuvesi yaseWashington, ubungozi bokwenzeka kwesigameko esifanayo futhi buphezulu kakhulu, uma kubhekwa ukuguqulwa kwejiyomethri yeqhwa lasePalcaraju kanye nokwanda kokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa esikhathini esidlule.
I-Glaciers and Ecosystems Research National Institute (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-INAIGEM) kanye ne-Huaraz Emergency Operations Center (COER) e-Peru bezilokhu ziqapha isifunda esiseduze ne-Palacocha futhi ziphinde zaklama izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ukuze zixwayise umphakathi uma kwenzeka kuba nezikhukhula. Lezi zinhlelo ziphinde zenzelwe ukufundisa abantu ngobukhulu bengozi futhi zenze izimpawu ezizungeze idolobha ukuze ziqondise futhi zikhiphe abantu ngokuphepha uma kwenzeka izikhukhula.
4. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye Nokushoda Kwamanzi
Naphezu kokuba omunye wemithombo emikhulu yomhlaba wonke yamanzi ahlanzekile, izingxenye zeNingizimu Melika zibhekene nenkinga yamanzi engakaze ibonwe ngenxa yamanzi ampofu noma angalungiswanga, ukungaphathwa kahle okubanzi, kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokweqile.
I-nucleus yokungcoliswa kwamanzi eNingizimu Melika ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yamanzi ayiphathwa kahle ukuze isetshenziswe futhi isetshenziswe abantu. Ukwenza isibonelo, amanzi angcolile angena emachibini nasemifuleni kanye nemfucumfucu yabantu neyezilwane idluliselwa ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezindlini eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izizinda zamanzi ezinkulu ezwenikazi, okuhlanganisa uMfula iMedellin eColombia, iGuanabara Bay eBrazil, kanye nomfula iRiachuelo yase-Argentina, zihlala zingaphansi kokungcoliswa kwezimboni kanye ne-anthropogenic okungcolisa imithombo yamanzi futhi kwenza amanzi. akuphephile ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa.
Enye i-hydrological conundrum ebhekene namanye amazwe ukushoda kwamanzi. Njengoba ibhekwa njengenhlekelele ehambisana nesomiso, ukuntuleka kwamanzi kuye kwahlupha izingxenye zeBrazil, Chile, Argentina, neColombia.
Okukhulu isomiso esikhulu eChile, eyaqala ngo-2007 futhi esaqhubeka, iholele ekulahlekelweni yimpilo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi ibe nomthelela ekuntulekeni kwamanzi nokudla ezweni lonke.
Uhulumeni wethule izindlela ezithile zokunqanda izinkinga. Esifundeni sase-Providencia eChile, uhulumeni wenze izinhlelo zokushintsha izitshalo ezikhona emigwaqweni ngezitshalo ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukumoshwa kwamanzi nokulwa nesomiso esikhungethe izingxenye eziningi zedolobha, uhulumeni waseChile uphinde wethula izabelo zamanzi futhi utshale imali kumaphrojekthi okwenza izinhlelo zamanzi zibe zesimanjemanje.
Uhlelo lokulinganisa luqukethe uhlelo lwezixwayiso olunezigaba ezine ezinezimemezelo zomphakathi futhi lubandakanya ukunqanyulwa kwamanzi azungezayo ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zedolobha. Ngo-2021, u-Emilia Undurraga, owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezolimo waseChile, naye wayenezinhlelo zokuthi buyisela umhlaba ongamahektha ayisigidi ngo-1. Le phrojekthi, ebona kusengaphambili ukusebenzisana nezinkampani ezizimele zase-Chile, okuhlanganisa ezolimo, izimayini, namandla, ayisekeli nje kuphela ukubuyiselwa kwamahlathi omdabu kodwa futhi isiza ekuguquleni amanye awo abe izinhlobo ezixubile.
5. Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle
Olunye lwezimpawu ze-World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ezibaluleke kakhulu “zokuxoxa” zezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi ukwenyuka kwamazinga olwandle. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule, amazinga olwandle esifunda akhule ngesivinini esikhulu kunamazinga esilinganiso somhlaba, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu ye-Atlantic (3.52 ± 0.0 mm ngonyaka) nasezifundeni ezingaphansi kwezishisayo zaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic zezwekazi (3.48 ± 0.1 mm ngonyaka).
Njengamanje, lolu daba lusaqhubeka nokubeka engcupheni abantu abasogwini ngokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezingozi ezikhulayo zeziphepho. Ngokombiko weSixth Assessment we-IPCC, amazinga olwandle esifunda kungenzeka aqhubeke ekhuphuka futhi azofaka isandla ezikhukhuleni zasogwini kanye nokuhlehla kogu eduze nogu lwe-Atlantic eNingizimu Melika. Amadolobha ambalwa athathwa njengasengozini kakhulu emithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu yezikhukhula (neziphepho) yiFortaleza, iRio de Janeiro, iSão Paulo, nePorto Alegre eBrazil, iBuenos Aires e-Argentina, iSantiago eChile neLima ePeru.
Umthombo: https://earth.org