#WaterConservation #AgriculturalSustainability #IrrigationEfficiency #DeficitIrrigation #SoilMonitoring #CropQuality
Ukushoda kwamanzi kuyinkinga enkulu kwezolimo, okwenza kube nesidingo samasu amasha okonga amanzi. Abalimi bemifino emhlabeni wonke bafuna izindlela zokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi ngenkathi begcina isivuno sezitshalo. Kulokhu, iSustainable Agriculture and Education (SARE)'s "Building Soils and Better Crops" manual, ebhalwe nguFred Magdoff kanye noHarold van Es, inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile kubalimi bemifino ukonga amanzi ngokunisela.
- Ukuqapha Umhlabathi Nezitshalo
Ukuqapha okusebenzayo kwenhlabathi nezitshalo kuyisisekelo sokuchelela ngendlela eyonga amanzi. Izinzwa zomhlabathi ezifana nama-tensiometer, amabhlogo womswakama, i-TDR (i-time-domain reflectometry), kanye nama-capacitance probes ahlinzeka ngokuhlolwa kwesikhathi sangempela kwezimo zokuswakama komhlabathi. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela abalimi ukuthi bahlole amazinga omswakama ngokunembile futhi benze izinqumo zokunisela benolwazi. Ngokugwema ukuchelela ngokweqile, ukumoshwa kwamanzi kuyancipha, futhi izitshalo zithola inani eliqondile lamanzi eziwadingayo.
Ukuhlola izimpawu zokucindezeleka kwamanzi nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuchelela. Ukucindezeleka kwamanzi kuvame ukuholela emazingeni okushisa amaqabunga aphakeme, angatholwa ngesithombe esishisayo noma esiseduze ne-infrared. Lolu hlelo lokuhlonza kusenesikhathi luvumela abalimi ukuthi babone izidingo zokunisela ngokushesha, kuvimbele ukucindezelwa kwamanzi ezitshalo futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
- Sebenza Nesimo Sezulu
Ukusebenzisana nedatha yesimo sezulu kungenye indlela enamandla yokongiwa kwamanzi. Izinkonzo zesimo sezulu zikahulumeni kanye neziteshi zesimo sezulu zasepulazini zinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nemvula yemvelo kanye namazinga okuphefumula. Ngokuhlanganisa okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi, ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, kanye namathuluzi okufaka amanzi kanye nomanyolo endaweni ethile, abalimi bangakwazi ukulungisa kahle izinqubo zokunisela ukuze zihambisane nezimo zezulu zendawo. Lokhu kuchelela okunembayo kunciphisa ukumoshakala kwamanzi futhi kukhulisa ukukhula kwezitshalo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi anikezwa lapho edingeka kakhulu.
- Amanzi Kuphela Lapho Edingeka
Ukuchelela ngokuntuleka, indlela ecwaningwe kahle, ibandakanya ukusebenzisa amazinga amanzi angaphansi kuka-100% we-evapotranspiration. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi le ndlela ingagcina isivuno ngenkathi yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchelela okulinganiselwe kukhuthaza izitshalo ukuthi zithembele kumswakama ogciniwe wenhlabathi, okukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngendlela efanele. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abalimi bamagilebhisi basebenzisa ngamabomu ukuchelela okuncane ukuze babangele ukucindezeleka kwamanzi okuncane, okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamagilebhisi ngokukhiqizwa kwama-anthocyanins.
Imiphumela Yokuthuthukiswa:
Ukuqaliswa kwalawa maqhinga okonga amanzi kunemiphumela emihle ebalulekile kokubili ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Ngokwamukela amasu okuqapha inhlabathi nezitshalo, abalimi bangakwazi ukwandisa amashejuli okunisela, banciphise ukuchithwa kwamanzi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuhambisana nokuchelela okungadingekile. Ukuhlanganisa idatha yesimo sezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kuthuthukisa ukunemba kokunisela, kube nomthelela ezitshalweni ezinempilo futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
Ukunisela ngenani elishodayo akuqinisekisi ukuphathwa kahle kwamanzi kuphela kodwa futhi kukhuthaza izinga elingcono lezitshalo kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsiza. Ngokuthembela kumswakama ogciniwe wenhlabathi, izitshalo zikwazi ukumelana nokuntuleka kwamanzi, okuholela ekukhuthazeleni okuthuthukisiwe kwezolimo lapho zibhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ezweni lapho imithombo yamanzi ingaphansi kobunzima obukhulayo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izindlela zokonga amanzi kwezolimo. Abalimi bemifino bangabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekongiweni kwamanzi ngokwamukela ukuqapha kwenhlabathi nezitshalo, ukusebenzisana nedatha yesimo sezulu, nokusebenzisa ukuchelela okushodayo. Lezi zinyathelo azigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa isivuno kodwa futhi zifaka isandla ezenzweni zezolimo ezisimeme ezibeka phambili ukuphathwa kwezinsiza ngendlela efanele.