Kube khona uguquko olubhalwe kahle olubheke ekuqhakazeni kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ezitshalweni eziningi njengoba umhlaba ufudumala. Lo mkhuba wethusa izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ngoba unamandla okuphazamisa ukusebenzisana okuklanywe ngokucophelela phakathi kwezitshalo nezidalwa—izimvemvane, izinyosi, izinyoni, amalulwane nezinye—ezizithutha impova.
Kodwa kuncane kakhulu ukunakwa okuye kwakhokhelwa izinguquko kwezinye izici zezimbali, njengobukhulu bembali, ezingase zithinte ukuxhumana kwezitshalo nempova, ngesikhathi lapho ama-pollinator ezinambuzane ziyancipha emhlabeni jikelele.
Ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ku-inthanethi kujenali Izincwadi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izazi ezimbili zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zaseNyuvesi yaseMichigan nozakwabo waseNyuvesi yaseGeorgia babonisa ukuthi abantu basendle abanenkazimulo evamile yasekuseni eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States bandise ubukhulu bezimbali zabo phakathi kuka-2003 no-2012.
Ukukhula kosayizi wembali kuphakamisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwezitshalo ekuheheni i-pollinator, ngokusho kwabacwaningi. Izinguquko zigqame kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho, ngokuhambisana nohlu olubanzi lomsebenzi wangaphambilini obonisa ukuthi izitshalo ezisenyakatho zivame ukukhombisa izimpendulo ezimangalisayo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.
Ukushintshela ekuqhakazeni kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kuphinde kwabonwa phakathi kwalezo zihlwele zenkazimulo yasekuseni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba nezinkomba ezimangalisayo zokuthi izitshalo ziye zandisa imali ezitshala ngayo ekuvuzeni izimbali—umpe nempova etholwe izinyosi, izimpukane ze<em>syrphid neminyovu ekhipha impova ezimbalini ezikhazimulayo zasekuseni ezimhlophe, ezibomvana neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
“Kunegebe elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ukuthi izici ezibalulekile ekusebenzelaneni kwezitshalo nembewu zingase zithuthuke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengempendulo esimweni sezulu esishintshayo,” kusho umlobi oholayo wocwaningo uSasha Bishop, umfundi wobudokotela eMnyangweni Wezemvelo eMnyangweni we-UM. kanye ne-Evolutionary Biology.
"Sikhombisa ukuthi-ngaphezu kwamashifu abhalwe kahle ekuqhakazeni izimbali kwangaphambilini-izakhiwo zezimbali kanye nemivuzo nakho kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekuphenduleni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekushintsheni kwemvelo kwesimanje."
I-morning glory iwumvini wokhula waminyaka yonke otholakala ngaphesheya kwempumalanga, maphakathi nentshonalanga naseningizimu ye-United States. Ivame ukubonakala eduze kwemigwaqo kanye amasimu ezitshalo.
Ucwaningo oluholwa ngu-UM lusebenzise indlela “yokuvuka” ebandakanya ukuhluma kwembewu yenkazimulo yasekuseni eqoqwe emaphethelweni ensimu yesoya yezolimo kanye namasimu ommbila eTennessee, North Carolina naseNingizimu Carolina eminyakeni emibili: 2003 kanye no-2012.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi seminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, lesi sifunda sabhekana namazinga okushisa akhuphukayo—ikakhulukazi akhuphuka amazinga okushisa aphansi nasebusuku—kanye nokwenyuka kwenani lezimvula ezinamandla okuhambisana nesomiso esibi kakhulu.
Ukubheka izinguquko ku-morphology yezimbali, abacwaningi batshala imbewu eqoqwe ensimini kusukela kuyo yomibili iminyaka endaweni yokushisa e-U-M's Matthaei Botanical Gardens. Lapho izimbali ziqhakaza, izici ezihlukahlukene zezimbali zazilinganiswa ngama-digital caliper.
Izilinganiso zibonise ukuthi ama-corolla enkazimulo yasekuseni aba banzi kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye—amasentimitha angu-4.5 (1.8 amayintshi) ububanzi ngo-2003 kanye namasentimitha angu-4.8 (1.9 amayintshi) ngo-2012, futhi ukushintsha kobubanzi be-corolla kwaba kukhulu kubantu ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho. . Amacembe embali aziwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi i-corolla.
Ucwaningo luphinde lwembula ukushintshela ezikhathini zokuqhakaza zangaphambilini phakathi kuka-2003 no-2012, okuqhutshwa ikakhulukazi abantu ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho. Ukuqala kokuqhakaza kwezimbali kwenzeka ngokwesilinganiso ezinsukwini ezine ngaphambili ezitshalweni ezitshalwe embewini eqoqwe ngo-2012.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abacwaningi baphinde babona ukuthambekela okuthonya i-latitude ekutshalweni kwezimali okukhulu emiklomelweni yezimbali (impova nompe) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesilinganiso, izimbali zenkazimulo yasekuseni ezikhule kusukela kumbewu eqoqwe ngo-2012 zikhiqize izinhlamvu eziningi zempova kanye ne-nectar sucrose eyengeziwe kunezimbali ezivela kumbewu eqoqwe ngo-2003.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya impova nompe kwakuhilela izinhlobo ezine kuphela zezitshalo zenkazimulo yasekuseni. Ngenxa yenani eliphansi labantu elihloliwe, okutholwe kwemivuzo yezimbali akuzange kufakwe esivivinyweni sezibalo ukuze kubhekwe ubufakazi bokuthi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo kwenzeka ezitshalweni.
"Noma kunjalo, kubonakala sengathi kunokwenyuka kwesikhashana kokutshalwa kwezimali ekuhehweni kwe-pollinator nokuthi lo mphumela uqhutshwa abantu ezindaweni ezisenyakatho," kusho umlobi ophezulu wocwaningo u-Regina Baucom, uprofesa ohlangene eMnyangweni we-UM we-Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
Lolu cwaningo alutholanga ubufakazi bokuthi ama-morning glories anda izinga lokuzithutha ngalo. Ubufakazi obuvela kwezinye izifundo zangaphambilini bukhomba "ukuzethemba" okwandisiwe njengendlela yokusabela okungenzeka ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye/noma ukwehla kwe-pollinator okuhlobene nokushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba.
"Lesi isihloko sokuqala sokusebenzisa indlela yokuvuka ukuze kuhlolwe amandla okuthi izici ezibangela ukusebenzisana kwe-plant-pollinator zingase ziguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezihambisana nokuncipha kobuningi be-pollinator kanye nezinguquko ezimangalisayo zemvelo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemithetho yokusebenzisa umhlaba," Kusho uMbhishobhi.
Izibalo zenkazimulo yasekuseni eziyishumi nanhlanu zafakwa esivivinyweni sokuvuka sibheka izinguquko ku-morphology yezimbali. Izibalo ezingamashumi amabili nantathu zafakwa ocwaningweni lokuqhakaza kwezimbali zasentwasahlobo zangaphambili. Sekukonke, izimbali ezingama-2,836 zikalwe ezitshalweni ezingama-456.
