Ukuvikela izinyosi kuzibulala-zinambuzane sekuba lula ngokukhishwa kwe-Oregon State University kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-smartphone abalimi nabafuyi bezinyosi abangalusebenzisa ukuze baxhumane nokushicilelwe lapho bengaphandle ensimini.
Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-smartphone luhambisana Ukushicilelwa kwe-OSU Extension ka-2013, Ungawehlisa Kanjani Ubuthi Bezinyosi Ezibulala-zinambuzane, PNW 591.
Abalimi nabafuyi bezinyosi manje bangabheka bekude amatafula emithi yokubulala izinambuzane kumafoni noma amathebhulethi abo. Umhlahlandlela odumile ubala izibulala-zinambuzane eziyi-150, izibulala-sikhunta, izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane neziphazamisi zokukhula—zonke manje sezisesheka ngegama lohwebo noma igama lekhemikhali kuhlelo lokusebenza olusha.
“Umhlaba wama-smartphone,” kusho umlobi ophambili wale ncwadi, Ramesh Sagili, isazi sezinambuzane kanye nomcwaningi wezinyosi ze-Extension e-Oregon State University's Ikolishi Lesayensi Yezolimo.
“Ababambiqhaza bethu bebecela uhlelo lokusebenza oluhambisana nalokhu kushicilelwa, futhi bajabule kakhulu ngokuthi sesinalo.”
"Indlela Yokunciphisa Ubuthi Bezinyosi" yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-2006. Yandiswa ngo-2013 ngu-coauthor Louisa Hooven, isazi sobuthi kanye nochwepheshe bezinyosi eKolishi Lesayensi Yezolimo, onokwaziswa okubanzi kolwazi lwesibulala-zinambuzane.
“Sabheka izitshalo ezitshalwa eNyakatho-ntshonalanga,” kusho yena, “sabe sesibheka yonke imikhiqizo okungenzeka isetshenziswe lapho isilimo siqhakaza—okuyilapho izinyosi zizobe zifuna ukudla. Lezo kwakuyizibulala-zinambuzane esasizihlanganisa.”
Imikhiqizo ihlelwa yaba izigaba ezintathu: ezinobuthi kakhulu, ezinobuthi futhi “asikho isitatimende sokuqapha sezinyosi kulebula.” Izilinganiso zisuselwe kuzixwayiso nemikhawulo edingwa yi-Environmental Protection Agency futhi esohlwini lwamalebula emikhiqizo, kusho uHooven.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlahlandlela ulinganisela “ubuthi obusele” emikhiqizweni eminingana—okungukuthi, imiphumela yayo eyingozi iqhubeka isikhathi esingakanani endaweni ezungezile. Lolo lwazi, olungadingeki yi-EPA futhi okungenzeka noma lungabikho kulebula, luvela ekusesheni okubanzi kuka-Hooven ngokusebenzisa imibhalo yokuhlola ubungozi be-EPA kanye nezincwadi ze-toxicology.
“Kube nolwazi oluthile ngobuthi obuyinsalela ohlelweni lwangaphambilini,” kusho yena. "Sikhulise inani lemikhiqizo kakhulu, ngakho-ke sifake imininingwane yobuthi eyinsalela yaleyo mikhiqizo eyaziwa ngayo, futhi sabuyekeza imininingwane yemikhiqizo esivele esohlwini."
Umhlahlandlela uncoma izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuphatha izibulala-zinambuzane ukuvikela zonke izinhlobo zezinyosi-hhayi izinyosi zoju kuphela (Apis mellifera), kodwa izinyosi zamatshe (Osmia lignaria), izinyosi ze-alkali (Nomia melanderi) kanye nezinyosi ze-alfalfa ezinquma amaqabunga (Megachile rotundata). Lezi zinhlobo zezinyosi ziphinde ziphathwe njengama-pollinator ezolimo.
Iphinde ichaze ukuthi zingavikelwa kanjani izinhlobo zemvelo ezihlala phansi njengezinyosi zika-squash, izinyosi ezinezimpondo ezinde, izinyosi ezijulukayo, izinyosi zezimayini nezinyosi.
“Izibulala-zinambuzane zizothinta lezi zinhlobo ngendlela ehlukile kunezinyosi zoju noma ezinye izinhlobo ezilawulwayo,” kusho uHooven, “ngoba zinemikhuba yokuphila ehlukene futhi zikhona ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene.”
Ezolimo zaseWest Coast zincike kakhulu ezinambuzaneni ezikhiqiza impova, kusho uSagili, obhale noma wahlanganisa. ezinye izincwadi ezine ze-Extension ezinyosini zoju.
Uthe: “Izitshalo eMidwest, njengommbila nobhontshisi wesoya, azidingi izinambuzane ukuze zithuthele impova. “Kodwa ngokwehlukahlukana kwethu kwezilimo, ikakhulukazi izihlahla zethu zezithelo, amajikijolo nezitshalo zembewu, sikudinga ngempela.”
Abafuyi bezinyosi base-Oregon baphatha izinyosi zezinyosi ezingaba ngu-70,000, esho. Izinyosi ziphonsa impova ngezitshalo ze-Oregon ezingaba ngu-50, okuhlanganisa amajikijolo aluhlaza, ama-cherries, amapheya, ama-apula, i-clover, i-meadowfoam nembewu yemifino. I-Sagili ilinganisela ukubaluleka kwalezi zitshalo ngaphezu kwengxenye yebhiliyoni yamaRandi ngonyaka.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinyosi okungcono kakhulu, wathi, kuqala ngokukhulumisana okuhle phakathi komlimi nomlimi wezinyosi.
“Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokuvikelwa kwezinyosi akuhlukani,” kusho yena. “Kunendlela elinganiselayo yokulawula izinambuzane nokuvikela izinyosi, kokubili. Sifuna lo mhlahlandlela ube yithuluzi eliwusizo kubalimi nabafuyi bezinyosi ukuze benze izinqumo ezinolwazi ndawonye.”
Ukushicilelwa kanye nohlelo lokusebenza oluhambisana nalo kuyatholakala kusuka I-OSU Extension and Experiment Station Communications (EESC). Inhlolovo yomsebenzisi ifakiwe, futhi abasebenzisi bayacelwa ukuthi bayiqedele ukuze baqondise i-EESC ekuthuthukisweni okuzayo kohlelo lokusebenza.
"Indlela Yokunciphisa Ubuthi Bezinyosi" yakhiqizwa ngokuhlanganyela yi-OSU, i-University of Idaho kanye ne-Washington State University. Izindleko zayo zabhalwa ngaphansi kwezinhlangano zabafuyi bezinyosi e-Oregon, Idaho, Washington, naseCalifornia, kanye noMnyango Wezolimo wase-Oregon.
- Gail Wells, Oregon State University
Umthombo: I-Oregon State University